Surgical multi-tool and method of use

ABSTRACT

Surgical tool are disclosed that include a first tip and a second tip. The first tip and the second tip can have a first configuration, an intermediate configuration, and a second configuration. In the first configuration the tool operates as forceps and in the second configuration the tool operates as scissors. In the intermediate configuration the tool operates as a probe. The tips can be brought together to transition between the first configuration and the intermediate configuration. The tips can be rotated to transition between the intermediate configuration and the second configuration. Method are disclosed that include the step of providing a tool having a first tip extending distally and a second tip extending distally, moving at least one of the first tip and the second tip toward the other of the first tip and the second tip, and rotating the first tip and the second tip.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/952,572, filed Apr. 13, 2018, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/628,316, filed Jun. 20, 2017, whichclaims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/352,693 filed Jun. 21, 2016 and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/437,444, filed Dec. 21, 2016, thedisclosures of each are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety. Further details regarding apparatuses and methods that may beutilized or incorporated with the embodiments described herein are foundin U.S. Pat. No. 9,050,101, issued Jun. 9, 2015 and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/906,337 filed Nov. 19, 2013, the entireties of whichare hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present application relates to the field of medical devices, andencompasses apparatuses for use during surgery and surgical methods. Inparticular, the application relates to surgical hand tools having aplurality of configurations including a forceps configuration, a probeconfiguration and a scissors configuration.

Description of the Related Art

Surgical tools typically serve a single function. Surgical scissors areuseful for cutting tissue. Surgical forceps are useful for manipulatingtissues. Electrosurgical devices are useful for cauterization,hemostasis, and for tissue dissection. Electrosurgical devices mostcommonly involve radiofrequency (RF) energy wherein a voltage gradientis produced between two points and current flows through the tissue,dissipating energy as heat. This in turn allows refolding of protein andcauterization or dissection of tissue.

Each surgical tool has limitations. For instance, in relation toelectrosurgical devices, the passage of current through the tissue doesnot allow cutting of all tissues. This limitation is pronounced when thedistance between the two contact points of the device is increased.Furthermore, tissue cutting can be accomplished more quickly withscissors in many instances where cauterization is not needed forhemostasis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, a surgical tool (sometimes referred to as a handtool) is provided. The surgical tool can include a first handlecomprising a proximal portion and a distal portion and a first recess inthe distal portion. The surgical tool can include a second handlecomprising a proximal portion and a distal portion and a second recessin the distal portion. The surgical tool can include a first tipdisposed in the first recess and extending distally therefrom, the firsttip having a first external surface and a first internal surface. Thesurgical tool can include a second tip disposed in the second recess andextending distally therefrom, the second tip having a second externalsurface and a second internal surface. In some embodiments, the surgicaltool has a first configuration wherein the first and second tips operateas forceps. In some embodiments, the surgical tool has a secondconfiguration wherein the first and second tips operate as scissors. Insome embodiments the surgical tool has a third configuration in whichthe first and second tips operate as a probe. In some embodiments,rotation of the first tip and the second tip within their respectiverecesses transitions the surgical tool between the first, second, andthird configurations.

In some embodiments, the first inner surface and the second innersurface are configured to abut each other during rotation of the firsttip and the second tip within their respective recesses to transitionthe surgical tool between the first configuration, the secondconfiguration, and the third configuration. In some embodiments, thesecond tip comprises a pin extending from the second external surface,and rotation of the pin relative to the second handle causes rotation ofthe second tip relative to the second recess and transitions thesurgical tool between the first configuration and the secondconfiguration. In some embodiments, rotation of the pin relative to thesecond handle rotates the first tip relative to the first recess. Insome embodiments, the pin is substantially perpendicular to alongitudinal axis of the second tip. In some embodiments, the first tipcomprises a first electrode and the second tip comprises a secondelectrode. In some embodiments, the first tip and the second tip areconfigured to interact as electrocautery bipolar forceps in the firstconfiguration. In some embodiments, in the second configuration, thefirst and second inner surfaces are configured to shear past each other.In some embodiments, one of the first tip and the second tip comprises arecess and the other of the first tip and the second tip comprises aprotrusion, wherein the protrusion is configured to be received relativeto the recess in the second configuration to provide an axis about whichthe tips can rotate. In some embodiments, the surgical tool can includea sleeve surrounding at least a portion of the first tip. In someembodiments, the surgical tool can include a locking mechanismconfigured to prevent rotation of the second tip. In some embodiments,the first handle is coupled to the second handle near a proximal end ofthe surgical tool. In some embodiments, the surgical tool can includeone or more springs attached to the handles to bias the first and secondtips to a neutral position.

In some embodiments, a method of using a surgical tool is provided. Themethod can include the step of providing a first handle and a secondhandle coupled to each other, the first handle having a first tipextending distally therefrom and the second handle having a second tipextending distally therefrom, wherein the first and second tips areconfigured for use as forceps. The method can include the step ofrotating the first tip relative to the first handle and rotating thesecond tip relative to the second handle, wherein the rotationreconfigures the first and second tips for use as scissors. The methodcan include the step of rotating the first tip relative to the firsthandle and rotating the second tip relative to the second handle,wherein the rotation reconfigures the first and second tips for use as aprobe.

The method can include the step of bringing inner surfaces of the firstand second tips into proximity or contact with each other so thatlongitudinal axes of the first and second tips are generally aligned,and then rotating the first tip relative to the first handle androtating the second tip relative to the second handle. In someembodiments, after rotating the first tip relative to the first handleand rotating the second tip relative to the second handle, the innersurfaces of the first and second tips are configured to shear past eachother. The method can include the step of rotating a pin extending fromone of the first tip and the second tip to rotate the first tip relativeto the first handle and rotate the second tip relative to the secondhandle. The method can include the step of applying electrical energy totissue with the first tip and the second tip. In some embodiments,rotating the first tip relative to the first handle and the second tiprelative to the second handle further comprises rotating the first tipninety degrees and rotating the second tip ninety degrees.

In some embodiments, a surgical tool is provided. The surgical tool caninclude a first handle. The surgical tool can include a first tipcoupled to the first handle and configured to rotate relative to thefirst handle, the first tip having a first internal surface. Thesurgical tool can include a second handle. The surgical tool can includea second tip coupled to the second handle and configured to rotaterelative to the second handle, the second tip having a second internalsurface. In some embodiments, the surgical tool has a firstconfiguration wherein the first internal surface and the second internalsurface are generally vertical. In some embodiments, movement of thefirst handle or the second handle changes the distance between the firsttip and the second tip in the first configuration. In some embodiments,the surgical tool has a second configuration wherein the first internalsurface and the second internal surface are generally horizontal. Insome embodiments, movement of the first handle or the second handleshears an edge of the first tip past an edge of the second tip in thesecond configuration. In some embodiments, the tips are configured torotate to transition between the first configuration and the secondconfiguration.

In some embodiments, a surgical tool is provided. The surgical tool caninclude a first handle and a second handle. In some embodiments, thefirst handle and the second handle are configured to have a firstconfiguration, a second configuration, and a third configuration. Insome embodiments, in the first configuration the tool operates asforceps, the second configuration the tool operates as scissors and thethird configuration the tool operates as a probe.

The surgical tool or hand tool can be used in surgical sites withlimited lateral access and substantial depth. The multipleconfigurations can allow for tissue dissection by cutting andelectrocautery. The interchangeability of the hand tool limits thenumber of times the hand tool would need to be removed, exchanged, andre-inserted into the surgical site. The interchangeability can limit thepotential for injury, while improving usability and efficiency.

The surgical tool or hand tool of certain embodiments advantageouslyprovides multiple functional configurations that are easily interchangedby the user. The hand tool is capable of use in open microsurgery,minimally invasive surgery, and other surgical environments. The handtool may be a single handheld device, which allows theinterchangeability of configurations without the user removing thedevice from the local surgical field.

In some embodiments, a surgical tool is provided. The surgical tool caninclude a first tip and a second tip. In some embodiments, the first tipand the second tip are configured to have a first configuration, asecond configuration, and a third configuration. In some embodiments, inthe first configuration the tool operates as forceps and in the secondconfiguration the tool operates as scissors. In some embodiments, in thethird configuration the tool operates as a probe. In some embodiments,the tips are configured to be brought together to transition between thefirst configuration and the third configuration. In some embodiments,the tips are configured to be rotated to transition between the thirdconfiguration and the second configuration. In some embodiments, amethod of using a surgical tool is provided. The method can include thestep of providing a tool having a first tip extending distally and asecond tip extending distally. The method can include moving at leastone of the first tip and the second tip toward the other of the firsttip and the second tip. The method can include the step of rotating thefirst tip and the second tip. In some embodiments, the moving stepoccurs before the rotating step. In some embodiments, the probe isconfigured for monopolar electrocautery.

In some embodiments, a surgical tool is provided. The surgical tool caninclude a first tip extending distally. The surgical tool can include asecond tip extending distally. In some embodiments, the surgical toolhas a first configuration wherein the first and second tips operate asforceps. In some embodiments, the surgical tool has an intermediateconfiguration wherein the first and second tips operate as a probe. Insome embodiments, the surgical tool has a second configuration whereinthe first and second tips operate as scissors.

In some embodiments, bringing the first tip and the second tip togethertransitions the surgical tool between the first configuration and theintermediate configuration. In some embodiments, rotation of the firsttip and the second tip transitions the surgical tool between theintermediate configuration and the second configuration. In someembodiments, the first tip and the second tip are configured toproximate each other in the intermediate configuration. In someembodiments, the first tip and the second tip are configured to abuteach other in the intermediate configuration. In some embodiments, thefirst tip comprises a first electrode and the second tip comprises asecond electrode. In some embodiments, the first tip and the second tipare configured to interact as electrocautery bipolar forceps in thefirst configuration. In some embodiments, at least one of the first tipand the second tip comprises an electrode. In some embodiments, thefirst tip and the second tip are configured to interact as an electricalmonopolar probe in the intermediate configuration. In some embodiments,in the second configuration, the first and second tips are configured toshear past each other. In some embodiments, one of the first tip and thesecond tip comprises a recess and the other of the first tip and thesecond tip comprises a protrusion, wherein the protrusion is configuredto be received relative to the recess in the second configuration toprovide an axis about which the tips can rotate. In some embodiments, atleast one tip is in the form of a droplet. In some embodiments, at leastone tip has a retractable blade. In some embodiments, at least one tiphas a foldable blade. The surgical tool can include a mechanismconfigured to limit the separation of the first tip and the second tipwhen the first tip and the second tip operate as a probe. In someembodiments, the mechanism comprises a peg and a latch. The surgicaltool can include a mechanism configured to allow the surgical tool to beambidextrous. In some embodiments, the mechanism comprises a pair ofgears and a pair of cogs.

In some embodiments, a method of using a surgical tool is provided. Themethod can include providing a tool having a first tip extendingdistally and a second tip extending distally. The method can includemoving at least one of the first tip and the second tip toward the otherof the first tip and the second tip. The method can include rotating thefirst tip and the second tip.

In some embodiments, moving step occurs before the rotating step. Insome embodiments, the probe is configured for monopolar electrocautery,monopolar detection, and monopolar stimulation. In some embodiments,moving further comprising bringing inner surfaces of the first andsecond tips into proximity with each other so that longitudinal axes ofthe first and second tips are generally aligned. In some embodiments,after rotating the first tip and the second tip, the inner surfaces ofthe first and second tips are configured to shear past each other. Themethod can include applying electrical energy to tissue with the firsttip and the second tip. The method can include applying electricalenergy to tissue with only one of the first tip and the second tip. Insome embodiments, rotating the first tip and the second tip furthercomprises rotating the first tip ninety degrees and rotating the secondtip ninety degrees.

In some embodiments, a surgical tool is provided. The surgical tool caninclude a first tip extending distally. The surgical tool can include asecond tip extending distally. In some embodiments, the surgical toolhas a first configuration wherein the first and second tips operate asforceps. In some embodiments, the surgical tool has a secondconfiguration wherein the first and second tips operate as scissors. Insome embodiments, the surgical tool has a third configuration whereinthe first and second tips operate as a probe.

In some embodiments, the third configuration is an intermediateconfiguration between the first configuration and the secondconfiguration. In some embodiments, bringing the first tip and thesecond tip together allows transition of the surgical tool between thefirst configuration and the third configuration. In some embodiments,rotation of the first tip and the second tip transitions the surgicaltool between the third configuration and the second configuration. Insome embodiments, the first tip and the second tip are configured toproximate each other in the third configuration. In some embodiments,the first tip and the second tip are configured to abut each other inthe third configuration. In some embodiments, the first tip comprises afirst electrode and the second tip comprises a second electrode. In someembodiments, the first tip and the second tip are configured to interactas electrocautery bipolar forceps in the first configuration. In someembodiments, at least one of the first tip and the second tip comprisesan electrode. In some embodiments, the first tip and the second tip areconfigured to interact as an electrical monopolar probe in the thirdconfiguration. In some embodiments, at least one of the first tip andthe second tip comprises a plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments,the first tip and the second tip are configured to interact aselectrical conductors. In some embodiments, in the second configuration,the first and second tips are configured to shear past each other. Insome embodiments, one of the first tip and the second tip comprises arecess and the other of the first tip and the second tip comprises aprotrusion, wherein the protrusion is configured to be received relativeto the recess in the second configuration to provide an axis about whichthe tips can rotate. In some embodiments, at least one tip is in theform of a droplet. In some embodiments, at least one tip has aretractable blade. In some embodiments, at least one tip has a foldableblade. In some embodiments, the surgical tool can include a mechanismconfigured to limit the separation of the first tip and the second tip.In some embodiments, the mechanism comprises a peg and a latch. In someembodiments, the surgical tool can include a mechanism configured toallow the surgical tool to be ambidextrous. In some embodiments, themechanism comprises a pair of gears and a pair of cogs.

In some embodiments, a method of using a surgical tool is provided. Themethod can include providing a tool having a first tip extendingdistally and a second tip extending distally. The method can includemoving at least one of the first tip and the second tip toward the otherof the first tip and the second tip, wherein the moving allows forreconfiguration of the tool for use as a probe. The method can includerotating the first tip and the second tip, wherein the rotatingreconfigures the tool for use as scissors.

In some embodiments, the moving step occurs before the rotating step. Insome embodiments, when configured for use as a probe, the tool isconfigured for monopolar electrocautery, monopolar detection, ormonopolar stimulation. In some embodiments, when configured for use as aprobe, the tool is configured for multipolar electrocautery, multipolardetection, or multipolar stimulation. In some embodiments, movingfurther comprises bringing inner surfaces of the first and second tipsinto proximity with each other so that longitudinal axes of the firstand second tips are generally aligned. In some embodiments, afterrotating the first tip and the second tip, the inner surfaces of thefirst and second tips are configured to shear past each other. In someembodiments, the method can include applying electrical energy to tissuewith the first tip and the second tip. In some embodiments, the methodcan include applying electrical energy to tissue with only one of thefirst tip and the second tip. In some embodiments, wherein rotating thefirst tip and the second tip further comprises rotating the first tipninety degrees and rotating the second tip ninety degrees.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the inventiondisclosed herein are described below with reference to the drawings ofpreferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limitthe invention. Additionally, from figure to figure, the same referencenumerals have been used to designate the same components of anillustrated embodiment. The following is a brief description of each ofthe drawings.

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a hand tool.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the forcepsconfiguration.

FIG. 2B is a top view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the forcepsconfiguration.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the hand tool of FIG. 1, wherein thetips are brought together to change configurations.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the scissorsconfiguration.

FIG. 5A is a front view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the forcepsconfiguration; FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B inFIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A is a front view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the scissorsconfiguration; FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along line M-M inFIG. 6A.

FIG. 7A is a side view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the forcepsconfiguration; FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along line D-D inFIG. 7A; FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view taken along line G-G in FIG.7A.

FIG. 8A is a side view of the hand tool of FIG. 1 in the scissorsconfiguration; FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view taken along line P-P inFIG. 8A; FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view taken along line T-T in FIG.8A.

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a hand tool in the scissorsconfiguration with a sleeve; FIG. 9B is a top view of the hand tool ofFIG. 9A; FIG. 9C is side view of the hand tool of FIG. 9A; and FIG. 9Dis a cross-sectional view taken along line K-K in FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10A is a perspective view of the hand tool in the scissorsconfiguration with a locking mechanism; FIG. 10B is a top view of thehand tool of FIG. 10A; FIG. 10C is a side view of the hand tool of FIG.10A.

FIGS. 11A-11E show one illustration of the movement of the tips.

FIGS. 12A-15 show embodiments of the tips.

FIGS. 16-26 show view of an embodiment of the hand tool.

FIGS. 27-28 show embodiments of an electrode.

FIGS. 29-30 show embodiments of a recess and a protrusion.

FIGS. 31-32B show embodiments of a hand tool.

FIG. 33 shows an embodiment of a guiding slot in a handle.

FIGS. 34-39 show an embodiment of a hand tool.

FIG. 40 shows an embodiment of a tip.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the surgical hand tool include two sectionsused together to perform a function. One or more of the sections cancomprise segments, portions, components, or subcomponents. However, theuse of the term “section” does not imply any particular structure orconfiguration. In some embodiments, the right section or componentsthereof are mirror image, identical, or substantially similar to theleft section or components thereof. The sections or components thereofmay be any suitable shape that permits the function of the hand tool,for instance perform the function of scissors, forceps, and probe.Certain embodiments are illustrated and/or described herein.

With reference to FIGS. 1-2A, a hand tool 100 is shown. The hand tool100 can also be referred to as a surgical multi-tool. The hand tool 100comprises two sections: a left section 102 and a right section 202. Inthe illustrated configuration, the left section 102 includes multiplecomponents and the right section 202 includes multiple components asdescribed further below. The left section 102 interacts with the rightsection 202 to perform one or more functions, such as operating asforceps, scissors, and probe as described in detail below. The hand tool100 has a longitudinal axis 106 that extends between a proximal end 116and a distal end 118. The left section 102 can be on the left side ofthe longitudinal axis 106 when the hand tool 100 is viewed from the top.The right section 202 can be on the right side of the longitudinal axis106 when the hand tool 100 is viewed from the top.

The surgical hand tool 100 can transition between functionalconfigurations. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2A, the left section 102can comprise a left handle 132 and a left tip 160 extending distallyfrom the left handle 132. The right section 202 can comprise a righthandle 232 and a right tip 260 extending distally from the right handle232. The surgical hand tool can operate as forceps, which can also bereferred to as the forceps configuration, with the left tip 160 and theright tip 260 providing the grasping ends of the forceps. In this andother configurations, the surgical hand tool 100 can also includeelectrodes. For example, the surgical hand tool of FIGS. 1 and 2A canfunction as electrocautery bipolar forceps, as described further below.The surgical hand tool can further be configured to operate as scissors,which can also be referred to as the scissors configuration. FIG. 4,described in more detail below, illustrates a scissors configurationwhere the tips 160, 260 slide and pivot relative to each other to cuttissue. The scissors can be utilized to more quickly cut tissue. Thesurgical hand tool can further be configured to operate as a probe,which can also be referred to as the probe configuration. The multipleconfigurations allow for the use of multiple surgical techniques at thediscretion of the user. Other functional configurations are possible.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A-4, the hand tool 100 is designed to transitionbetween the forceps configuration and the scissors configuration. Theforceps configuration is shown in FIG. 2A and the scissors configurationis shown in FIG. 4. The intermediate configuration is shown in FIG. 3.The hand tool 100 permits the switching between the forcepsconfiguration and the scissors configuration. The hand tool 100 cantransition between these configurations by rotation of the tips 160, 260of the hand tool 100, as described further below. The tips 160, 260 arerotated approximately 90 degrees between the forceps configuration shownin FIG. 2A and the scissors configuration shown in FIG. 4. The tips canbe brought together as shown in FIG. 3 during the transition between theforceps configuration and the scissors configuration.

Components of the Hand Tool

In some embodiments, the forceps configuration as shown in FIG. 2A canoperate as bipolar electrocautery forceps. For instance, the hand tool100 can include one or more electrodes located on the tips of the handtool. The hand tool 100 can be designed to supply electrical energy tothe electrodes. In some embodiments, the hand tool 100 can optionallyinclude an electrical connection 110. The electrical connection 110 caninclude a left lead 112 and a right lead 212. The electrical connection110 can enable the electrodes to be supplied with electrical energy. Inthe illustrated configuration, the electrical connection 110 can be nearthe proximal end 116 of the hand tool 100.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100 can include a mechanicalconnector 122. The mechanical connector 122 can function to electricallyisolate the incoming electrical leads 112, 212. The mechanical connector122 can function to couple the left section 102 and the right section202.

The left lead 112 can include a receptacle 114. The receptacle 114 canbe sized to accept the left spring 124. The left section 102 can includea left spring 124 that extends along the longitudinal axis 106. The leftspring 124 can be coupled to the mechanical connector 122. In someembodiments, the left spring 124 can have an external shape thatcomplements the shape of a receptacle 126 in the mechanical connector122. In the illustrated embodiment, the shape of the left spring 124 isrectangular and the shape of the receptacles 126 is rectangular. Othershapes are contemplated (e.g., wedge, oval, triangular, elliptical,polygonal, etc.). The left spring 124 can be coupled to the mechanicalconnector 122 by welding, fasteners, glue, friction fit, pawl andratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method. The leftspring 124 can be coupled to the left lead 112 of the electricalconnection 110. In the illustrated embodiment, the left spring 124 iscoupled to the left lead 112 within the mechanical connector 122. Theleft spring 124 can be coupled to the left lead 112 by welding,fasteners or other fixation method.

The left spring 124 can include a bend 128. The bend 128 can function toextend the distal end of the left spring 124 away from the longitudinalaxis 106. The bend 128 can function to curve the left spring 124 outwardfrom the mechanical connector 122. The bend 128 of the left spring 124can function to increase the distance between the left section 102 andthe right section 202. The left spring 124 can include a concaveportion. The concave portion can be near the proximal end of the leftspring 124. The left spring 124 can include a convex portion. In theillustrated embodiment, the convex portion can be near the distal end ofthe left spring 124. The left spring 124 can include one or more flatportions 120, 130. In the illustrated embodiment, the flat portion 120can be disposed within the receptacle 114. In other configurations theflat portion can be near the proximal end, distal end, or in between theproximal and distal end of the left spring 124. Other configuration ofthe spring can be contemplated (e.g., multiple bends, flat portions,multiple layers, thicknesses, varying thickness, height and length,etc.).

The distal end of the left spring 124 can be coupled to a left handle132. In some embodiments, the left spring 124 can have an external shapethat complements the shape of a receptacle 134 in the left handle 132.In the illustrated embodiment, the flat portion 130 can be disposedwithin the receptacle 134. In the illustrated embodiment, the shape ofthe left spring 124 is rectangular and the shape of the receptacle 134is rectangular. Other configurations are contemplated (e.g., wedge,oval, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, etc.). The left spring 124 canbe coupled to the left handle 132 by welding, fasteners, glue, frictionfit, pawl and ratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method.In the illustrated embodiment, the receptacle 134 is a slot that extendsfrom the top of the left handle 132 to the bottom of the left handle132, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the left spring 124 canbe adjustable within the receptacle 134 of the left handle 132. In someembodiments, the left spring 124 can be adjusted to a number of discretepositions with the receptacle 134 (e.g., two, three, four, five, etc.).In some embodiments, the left spring 124 can be adjusted to an infinitenumber of positions with the receptacle 134. The left spring 124 canremain movable, releasably retained or fixedly retained in position.

The left handle 132 can include one or more finger grips 136 (see FIG.9A). In the illustrated embodiment, two finger grips 136 are shown.Other numbers of finger grips are contemplated (e.g., one, two, three,four, five, etc.). Both of the finger grips 136 are shown on theexterior surface of the left handle 132. Other locations are possible(e.g., top surface, bottom surface, interior surface, at least one gripon the exterior surface, at least one grip on the top surface, a grip onthe top surface and a grip on the exterior surface, etc.).

The left handle 132 can have a bayonet configuration. The left handle132 can include a longitudinally extending portion 138 and a verticallyextending portion 140. The longitudinally extending portion 138 canextend generally along the longitudinal axis 106. The verticallyextending portion 140 can extend upward from the longitudinallyextending portion 138. The vertically extending portion 140 can improvethe line of sight for the user. The user's hand can engage thelongitudinally extending portion 138. The vertically extending portion140 can raise the distal end 118 of the hand tool 100 away from theuser's hand. The user's hand does not obstruct the line of sight to thedistal end 118 of the hand tool 100. In the illustrated embodiment, thevertically extending portion 140 forms an angle 142 with thelongitudinally extending portion 138. The angle 142 can be 90° orgreater than 90° (e.g., 100°, 110°, 120°, 130°, 140°, 150°, 160°, 170°,etc.). The angle 142 can be obtuse. Other configurations are possible.The angle 142 can provide a more ergonomic grip to the user.

The left section 102 can include a left hub 144. The left hub 144 canextend from the vertically extending portion 140. In some embodiments,the left hub 144 can be a unitary structure with the verticallyextending portion 140 of the left handle 132. The left hub 144 and theleft handle 132 can be monolithically formed.

In other embodiments, the left hub 144 is a separate component from theleft handle 132. The vertically extending portion 140 can include arecess 146. The left hub 144 can be coupled to the recess 146 bywelding, fasteners, glue, friction fit, pawl and ratchet, detent andprotrusion, or other fixation method. In some embodiments, the left hub144 is removable from the vertically extending portion 140. Forinstance, the left hub 144 can be removed to permit sterilization of theleft tip 160. The left hub 144 can be removed to replace the left tip160.

The left hub 144 can include a proximal portion 148. The proximalportion 148 of the left hub 144 can be received within the recess 146 ofthe vertically extending portion 140. The recess 146 can be shaped tocomplement the external surface of the proximal portion 148. Theproximal portion 148 can be any cross-sectional shape includingsemi-circular, triangular, rectangular, etc. In some embodiments, theproximal portion 148 can extend the entire length of the verticallyextending portion 140. The edge 150 of the proximal portion 148 can beangled to match the angle 142.

The left hub 144 can include a distal portion 152. The distal portion152 can extend from the vertically extending portion 140. The distalportion 152 can extend from the recess 162 when proximal portion 148 isreceived within the recess 162. The edge 154 of the distal portion 152can include a hub recess 156. The distal portion 152 can be a portion ofa cylinder. The distal portion 152 can be any cross-sectional shapeincluding semi-circular. In some embodiments, the proximal portion 148and the distal portion 152 have the same cross-sectional shape. In otherembodiments, the proximal portion 148 and the distal portion 152 havedifferent cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, the proximalportion 148 and the distal portion 152 can have the same diameter. Inother embodiments, the proximal portion 148 and the distal portion 152have different diameters.

The left hub 144 can define a left tip axis 158. The left tip axis 158can be the axis upon which the left tip 160 rotates. The distal portion152 of the left hub 144 can function to support the left tip 160 duringrotation. The hub recess 156 can be aligned with the left tip axis 158.The hub recess 156 can function to maintain alignment of the left tip160 during rotation. In some methods of assembly, the left hub 144 iscoupled to the vertically extending portion 140. This can create achannel between the external surface of the left hub 144 and theinternal surface of the recess 162. A portion of the left tip 160 canrotate within this channel.

The left tip 160 can include a proximal portion 164. The proximalportion 164 of the left tip 160 can be supported by the left hub 144.The proximal portion 164 of the left tip 160 can rotate about the lefthub 144. At least a portion of the proximal portion 164 of the left tip160 can be received within the recess 162 of the vertically extendingportion 140.

In the illustrated embodiment, the recess 162 of the verticallyextending portion 140 can include a first portion 166 and a secondportion 168. The first portion 166 can have a circular cross-section andthe second portion 168 can have a circular cross-section. The firstportion 166 can have a semi-circular cross-section and the secondportion 168 can have a semi-circular cross-section. The cross-sectionalshapes of the first portion 166 and the second portion 168 can permitrotation of the left tip 160 within the recess 162.

The first portion 166 can have a first diameter and the second portion168 can have a second diameter. The first diameter can be smaller thanthe second diameter. The first portion 166 can be located distal to thesecond portion 168. The first portion 166 of the recess 162 can becloser to the distal end 118. The second portion 168 can be locatedproximal to the first portion 166. The second portion 168 of the recess162 can be closer to the proximal end 116. The difference in diameterbetween the first portion 166 and the second portion 168 of the recess162 can create a lip.

The recess 162 can have any number of portions (e.g., two, three, four,five, six, etc.). Each portion can have a diameter that is either thesame or different than one or more other portions. At least two of theportions have unequal diameters. Of the at least two portions, a portionnear the distal end can have a smaller diameter than another portionnear the proximal end. The difference in diameter between the portionsof the recess 162 can create a lip.

In the illustrated embodiment, the left tip 160 can include a ridge 174which can interact with the lip. The ridge 174 can extend from theexternal surface of the proximal portion 164 of the left tip 160. Theridge 174 can be sized to be received within the second portion 168 ofthe recess 162. For instance, the ridge 174 and the second portion 168can have the same or similar diameter. The ridge 174 can have a largerdiameter than the first portion 166. The ridge 174 can abut the lipcreated by the first portion 166 and the second portion 168. The ridge174 can define axial translation of the left tip 160 when the left tip160 is received within the recess 162. The ridge 174 can reduce thelongitudinal movement of the left tip 160 when the ridge 174 is receivedwithin the recess 162. The ridge 174 can prevent disengagement betweenthe vertically extending portion 140 and the left tip 160 by theapplication of axial force. Any shape can be used to define or limitaxial translation (ridge, pin, etc.).

The proximal portion 164 of left tip 160 can include a left extension178 which can interact with the hub 144. The left extension 178 can be aportion of a cylinder. In some embodiments, the left extension 178 canhave a quarter-circular cross-section (e.g., encompasses 90 degrees).The left extension 178 can have a convex external surface. The convexexternal surface can be complementary to the second portion 168. Theleft extension 178 can have a concave internal surface 180. The concaveinternal surface 180 can be complementary to the external surface of thedistal portion 152 of the left hub 144.

The proximal portion 164 of left tip 160 can include a protrusion 172which can interact with the hub recess 156. The protrusion 172 is sizedto be received within the hub recess 156. For instance, the protrusion172 and the hub recess 156 can have the same or similar diameter. Theprotrusion 172 can extend along the left tip axis 158 when the ridge 174is received within the recess 162. The protrusion 172 and the hub recess156 can provide a pivot for the left tip 160 as the left tip 160rotates.

The left tip 160 can include a distal portion 170. The distal portion170 of the left tip 160 can include a longitudinally extending portion182. The longitudinally extending portion 182 can be a portion of acylinder. In some embodiments, the longitudinally extending portion 182can have a semi-circular cross-section (e.g., encompasses 180 degrees).The longitudinally extending portion 182 can have a convex externalsurface. The distal 170 and longitudinally extending 182 portions canhave other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., circular, elliptical, square,rectangular, triangular, polygonal, sigmoid, etc.).

The distal portion 170 of the left tip 160 can include a conical portion186. The conical portion 186 can extend to a distal tip 188. The conicalportion 186 and distal tip 188 can interact with the right section 202to function as forceps. The conical portion 186 can include a cuttingedge 190. The cutting edge 190 can interact with the right section 202to function as scissors. The cutting edge 190 can be the same materialas the distal portion 170 of the left tip 160. The cutting edge 190 canbe the same material as the left tip 160. The cutting edge 190 can be adifferent material than the distal portion 170 of the left tip 160. Thecutting edge 190 can be a different material than the left tip 160. Thecutting edge 190 can be integrally or monolithically formed with theleft tip 160. The cutting edge 190 can be a separate component andcoupled to the left tip 160.

The distal portion 170 of the left tip 160 can have a flat internalsurface 184. The flat internal surface 184 can be complementary to aninternal surface of the right section 202. The flat internal surface 184can extend the length of the longitudinally extending portion 182. Theflat internal surface 184 can extend the length of the conical portion186. The flat internal surface 184 can abut a flat internal surface ofthe right tip. Other cross-sectional shapes of the internal surface canbe contemplated (e.g., circular, elliptical, square, rectangular,triangular, polygonal, sigmoid etc.). These can be complimentary, mirroror rotationally similar to the right tip 260.

The distal portion 170 of the left tip 160 can include an electrode 192.In some embodiments, the longitudinally extending portion 182 caninclude the electrode 192. In some embodiments, the conical portion 186can include the electrode 192. In some embodiments, the distal tip 188can include the electrode 192. In some embodiments, the flat internalsurface 184 can include the electrode 192. In some embodiments, theexternal surface of the left tip 160 can include the electrode 192. Theelectrode 192 can interact with the right section 202. The right section202 can include a ground or another electrode. The left tip 160 caninteract with the right section to function as an electrosurgicaldevice. The electrode 192 can be activated by electrical energy suppliedto the hand tool 100. The electrode 192 can be activated when the handtool 100 is in the forceps configuration. In some embodiments,electrical energy is prevented from being supplied when the hand tool100 is in the scissors configuration. The electrode 192 can be the samematerial as the distal portion 170 of the left tip 160. The electrode192 can be the same material as the left tip 160. The electrode 192 canbe a different material than the distal portion 170 of the left tip 160.The electrode 192 can be a different material than the left tip 160. Theelectrode 192 can be integrally or monolithically formed with the lefttip 160. The electrode 192 can be a separate component and coupled tothe left tip 160.

In some embodiments, the left lead 112 can pass through a channel in theleft spring 124. The left lead 112 can pass through a channel in theleft handle 132. The left lead 112 can pass through a channel in theleft tip 160. The channels in any of the components in the left section102 can be insulated.

In some methods of assembly, the left tip 160 is inserted within therecess 162. Then the left hub 144 is coupled to the vertically extendingportion 140. The left tip 160 is place in the recess prior to couplingof the left hub 144. The left tip 160 can be retained within the recess162 by a retention mechanism (not shown). In some embodiments, the lefthub 144 is removable. The left hub 144 can be removed to replace theleft tip 160. The left hub 144 can be removed to sterilize or replacethe left tip 160.

In some embodiments, the left hub 144 is integrally formed with thevertically extending portion 140. Then the left tip 160 is insertedwithin the recess 162. The ridge 174 is aligned with the second portion168 the recess 162 in the vertically extending portion 140. The internalsurface 180 of the left extension 178 is aligned with the externalsurface of the left hub 144. The protrusion 172 of the left tip 160 isaligned with the hub recess 146. From this position, the left tip 160can be rotated about the left tip axis 158. The left tip 160 can berotated until the ridge 174 is received within the second portion 168 ofthe recess 162. In this position, the internal surface 180 of the leftextension 178 can be in contact with the external surface of the lefthub 144. In this position, protrusion 172 can be received within the hubrecess 146.

In some embodiments, the left section 102 and the right section 202 eachform of a symmetrical, opposed half. The right section 202 can be amirror image of the left section 102. The right section 202 can includesubstantially similar or identical components. In some embodiments, theright section 202 may have a different shape or configuration to enhanceergonomics for the user.

The right lead 212 can include a receptacle 214. The receptacle 214 canbe sized to accept the right spring 224. The right section 202 caninclude a right spring 224 that extends along the longitudinal axis 106.The right spring 224 can be coupled to the mechanical connector 122. Insome embodiments, the right spring 224 can have an external shape thatcomplements the shape of a receptacle 226 in the mechanical connector122. In the illustrated embodiment, the shape of the right spring 224 isrectangular and the shape of the receptacles 226 is rectangular. Otherconfigurations are contemplated (e.g., wedge, oval, triangular,elliptical, polygonal, etc.). The right spring 224 can be coupled to themechanical connector 122 by welding, fasteners, glue, friction fit, pawland ratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method. The rightspring 224 can be coupled to the right lead 212 of the electricalconnection 110. In the illustrated embodiment, the right spring 224 iscoupled to the right lead 212 within the mechanical connector 122. Theright spring 224 can be coupled to the right lead 212 by welding,fasteners or other fixation method.

The right spring 224 can include a bend 228. The bend 228 can functionto extend the distal end of the right spring 224 away from thelongitudinal axis 106. The bend 228 can function to curve the rightspring 224 outward from the mechanical connector 122. The bend 228 ofthe right spring 224 can function to increase the distance between theleft section 102 and the right section 202. The right spring 224 caninclude a concave portion. The concave portion can be near the proximalend of the right spring 224. The right spring 224 can include a convexportion. In the illustrated embodiment, the convex portion can be nearthe distal end of the right spring 224. The right spring 224 can includeone or more flat portions 220, 230. In the illustrated embodiment theflat portion 220 can be disposed within the receptacle 214. In otherconfigurations the flat portion can be near the proximal end, distalend, or in between the proximal and distal end of the right spring 224.The right spring 224 can provide the same or different resistance as theleft spring 124. The right spring 224 can provide the same or differentshape as the left spring 124. The right spring 224 can be a mirror imageof the left spring 124.

The distal end of the right spring 224 can be coupled to a right handle232. In some embodiments, the right spring 224 can have an externalshape that complements the shape of a receptacle 234 in the right handle232. In the illustrated embodiment the flat portion 230 can be disposedwithin the receptacle 234. In the illustrated embodiment, the shape ofthe right spring 224 is rectangular and the shape of the receptacle 234is rectangular. Other configurations are contemplated (e.g., wedge,oval, triangular, elliptical, polygonal, etc.). In the illustratedembodiment, the receptacle 234 is a slot that extends from the top ofthe right handle 232 to the bottom of the right handle 232, or a portionthereof. In some embodiments, the right spring 224 is coupled to theright handle 232 by welding, fasteners, glue, friction fit, pawl andratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method. In someembodiments, the right spring 224 is adjustable within the receptacle234 of the right handle 232. In some embodiments, the right spring 224can be adjusted to a number of discrete positions with the receptacle234 (e.g., two, three, four, five, etc.). In some embodiments, the rightspring 224 can be adjusted to an infinite number of positions with thereceptacle 234. The right spring 224 can remain movable, releasablyretained or fixedly retained in position. In some embodiments, the rightspring 224 is movable and the left spring 124 is fixed. At least onespring 124, 224 can be movable to accommodate the user's hand. In someembodiments, both springs 124, 224 are movable to accommodate the user'shand.

The right handle 232 can include one or more finger grips 236. In theillustrated embodiment, two finger grips 236 are shown but otherconfigurations are contemplated (e.g., one, two, three, four, five,etc.). Both of the finger grips 236 are shown on the exterior surface ofthe right handle 232. Other locations are possible (e.g., top surface,bottom surface, interior surface, at least one grip on the exteriorsurface, at least one grip on the top surface, a grip on the top surfaceand a grip on the exterior surface, etc.). The finger grips 236 can havethe same or different configuration as the finger grips 136. Forinstance, one set of finger grips can be shaped for the index finger andthe other set of grips can be shaped for the thumb. The finger grips136, 236 can be positioned based on the manner in which the user isexpected to hold the hand tool 100. The finger grips 136, 236 can bepositioned based on right handed use. The finger grips 136, 236 can bepositioned based on left handed use. The finger grips 136, 236 can bepositioned based on ambidextrous use.

The right handle 232 can have a bayonet configuration. The right handle232 can include a longitudinally extending portion 238 and a verticallyextending portion 240. The longitudinally extending portion 238 canextend generally along the longitudinal axis 106. The verticallyextending portion 240 can extend upward from the longitudinallyextending portion 238. The vertically extending portion 240 can improvethe line of sight for the user. The user's hand can engage thelongitudinally extending portion 238. The vertically extending portion240 can raise the distal end 118 of the hand tool 100 away from theuser's hand. The user's hand does not obstruct the line of sight to thedistal end 118 of the hand tool 100. In the illustrated embodiment, thevertically extending portion 240 forms an angle 242 with thelongitudinally extending portion 238. The angle 242 can be 90° orgreater than 90° (e.g., 100°, 110°, 120°, 130°, 140°, 150°, 160°, 170°,etc.). The angle 242 can be obtuse. The angle 242 can be the same asangle 142. In other embodiments, the angle 242 is different than angle142 based on the manner in which the user is expected to hold the handtool 100. The angle 242 can be selected to better complement the grip ofthe user (e.g., based on the anatomy of the human hand). Otherconfigurations are possible.

The right section 202 can include a right hub 244. The right hub 244 canextend from the vertically extending portion 240. In some embodiments,the right hub 244 can be a unitary structure with the verticallyextending portion 240 of the right handle 234. The right hub 244 and theright handle 232 can be monolithically formed.

In other embodiments, the right hub 244 is a separate component from theright handle 232. The vertically extending portion 240 can include arecess 246. The right hub 244 can be coupled to the recess 246 bywelding, fasteners, glue, friction fit, pawl and ratchet, detent andprotrusion, or other fixation method. In some embodiments, the right hub244 is removable from the vertically extending portion 240. Forinstance, the right hub 244 can be removed to permit sterilization ofthe right tip 260. The right hub 244 can be removed to replace the righttip 260.

The right hub 244 can include a proximal portion 248. The proximalportion 248 of the right hub 244 can be received within the recess 246of the vertically extending portion 240. The recess 246 can be shaped tocomplement the external surface of the right hub 244. The proximalportion 248 of the right hub 244 can be any cross-sectional shapeincluding semi-circular, triangular, rectangular, etc. In someembodiments, the proximal portion 248 can extend the entire length ofthe vertically extending portion 240. The edge 250 of the proximalportion 248 can be angled to match the angle 242.

The right hub 244 can include a distal portion 252. The distal portion252 can extend from the vertically extending portion 240. The distalportion 252 can extend from the recess 262 when proximal portion 248 isreceived within the recess 262. The edge 254 of the distal portion 252can include a hub recess 256. The distal portion 252 can be a portion ofa cylinder. The distal portion 252 can be any cross-sectional shapeincluding semi-circular. In some embodiments, the distal portion 248 andthe distal portion 252 have the same cross-sectional shape. In otherembodiments, the proximal portion 248 and the distal portion 252 havedifferent cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, the proximalportion 248 and the distal portion 252 can have the same diameter. Inother embodiments, the proximal portion 248 and the distal portion 252have different diameters.

The right hub 244 can define a right tip axis 258. The right tip axis258 can be the axis upon which the right tip 260 rotates. The distalportion 252 of the right hub 244 can function to support the right tip260 during rotation. The hub recess 256 can be aligned with the righttip axis 258. The hub recess 256 can function to maintain alignment ofthe right tip 260 during rotation. In some methods of assembly, theright hub 244 is coupled to the vertically extending portion 240. Thiscan create a channel between the external surface of the right tip 260and the internal surface of the recess 262. A portion of the right tip260 can rotate within this channel.

The right tip 260 can include a proximal portion 264. The proximalportion 264 of the right tip 260 can be supported by the right hub 244.The proximal portion 264 of the right tip 260 can rotate about the righthub 244. At least a portion of the proximal portion 264 of the right tip260 can be received within the recess 262 of the vertically extendingportion 240.

In the illustrated embodiment, the recess 262 of the verticallyextending portion 240 can include a first portion 266 and a secondportion 268 (not shown). The first portion 266 can be similar or amirror image of first portion 166. The second portion 268 can be similaror a mirror image of second portion 168. The first portion 266 can havea circular cross-section and the second portion 268 can have a circularcross-section. The first portion 266 can have a semi-circularcross-section and the second portion 268 can have a semi-circularcross-section. The cross-sectional shapes of the first portion 266 andthe second portion 268 can permit free rotation of the right tip 260within the recess 262.

The first portion 266 can have a first diameter and the second portion268 can have a second diameter. The first diameter can be smaller thanthe second diameter. The first portion 266 can be located distal to thesecond portion 268. The first portion 266 of the recess 262 can becloser to the distal end 118. The second portion 268 can be locatedproximal to the first portion 266. The second portion 268 of the recess262 can be closer to the proximal end 116. The difference in diameterbetween the first portion 266 and the second portion 268 of the recess262 can create a lip.

The recess 262 can have any number of portions (e.g., two, three, four,five, six, etc.). Each portion can have a diameter that is either thesame or different than one or more other portions. At least two of theportions have unequal diameters. Of the at least two portions, a portionnear the distal end can have a smaller diameter than another portionnear the proximal end. The difference in diameter between the portionsof the recess 262 can create a lip.

In the illustrated embodiment, the right tip 260 can include a ridge 274which can interact with the lip. The ridge 274 can extend from theexternal surface of the proximal portion 264 of the right tip 260. Theridge 274 can be sized to be received within the second portion 268 ofthe recess 262. For instance, the ridge 274 and the second portion 268can have the same or similar diameter. The ridge 274 can have a largerdiameter than the first portion 266. The ridge 274 can abut the lipcreated by the first portion 266 and the second portion 268. The ridge274 can define axial translation of the right tip 260 when the right tip260 is received within the recess 262. The ridge 274 can define thelongitudinal movement of the right tip 260 when the ridge 274 isreceived within the recess 262. The ridge 274 can prevent disengagementbetween the vertically extending portion 240 and the right tip 260 bythe application of axial force. Other shapes are considered to defineaxial translation (ridge, pin, etc.).

The proximal portion 164 of right tip 260 can include a right extension278 which can interact with the hub 244. The right extension 278 can bea portion of a cylinder. In some embodiments, the right extension 278can have a quarter-circular cross-section (e.g., encompasses 90degrees). The right extension 278 can have a convex external surface.The convex external surface can be complementary to the second portion268. The right extension 278 can have a concave internal surface 280.The concave internal surface 280 can be complementary to the externalsurface of the distal portion 252 of the right hub 244.

The proximal portion 264 of right tip 260 can include a protrusion 272which can interact with the hub recess 256. The protrusion 272 is sizedto be received within the hub recess 256. For instance, the protrusion272 and the hub recess 256 can have the same or similar diameter. Theprotrusion 272 can extend along the right tip axis 258 when the ridge274 is received within the recess 262. The protrusion 272 and the hubrecess 256 can provide a pivot for the right tip 260 as the right tip260 rotates.

The right tip 260 can include a distal portion 270. The distal portion270 of the right tip 260 can include a longitudinally extending portion282. The longitudinally extending portion 282 can be a portion of acylinder. In some embodiments, the longitudinally extending portion 182can have a semi-circular cross-section (e.g., encompasses 180 degrees).The longitudinally extending portion 282 can have a convex externalsurface. The distal 270 and longitudinally extending 282 portions canhave other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., circular, elliptical, square,rectangular, triangular, polygonal, sigmoid, etc.).

The distal portion 270 of the right tip 260 can include a conicalportion 286. The conical portion 286 can extend to a distal tip 288. Thedistal tip 288 can interact with the left section 102 to function asforceps. The conical portion 286 can include a cutting edge 290. Thecutting edge 290 can interact with the left section 102 to function asscissors. The cutting edge 290 can be the same material as the distalportion 270 of the right tip 260. The cutting edge 290 can be the samematerial as the right tip 260. The cutting edge 290 can be a differentmaterial than the distal portion 270 of the right tip 260. The cuttingedge 290 can be a different material than the right tip 260. The cuttingedge 290 can be integrally or monolithically formed with the right tip260. The cutting edge 290 can be a separate component and coupled to theright tip 260.

The distal portion 270 of the right tip 260 can have a flat internalsurface 284. The flat internal surface 284 can be complementary to aninternal surface of the left section 102. The flat internal surface 284can extend the length of the longitudinally extending portion 282. Theflat internal surface 284 can extend the length of the conical portion286. The flat internal surface 284 can abut a flat internal surface ofthe left tip 160. Other cross-sectional shapes of the internal surfacecan be contemplated (e.g., circular, elliptical, square, rectangular,triangular, polygonal, sigmoid, etc.). These can be complimentary,mirror or rotationally similar to the right tip 260.

The distal portion 270 of the right tip 260 can include an electrode292. In some embodiments, the longitudinally extending portion 282 caninclude the electrode 292. In some embodiments, the conical portion 286can include the electrode 292. In some embodiments, the distal tip 288can include the electrode 292. In some embodiments, the flat internalsurface 284 can include the electrode 292. In some embodiments, theexternal surface of the right tip 260 can include the electrode 292. Theelectrode 292 can interact with the left section 102. The left section102 can include a ground or another electrode. The right tip 260 caninteract with the left section 102 function as an electrosurgicaldevice. The electrode 292 can be activated by electrical energy suppliedto the hand tool 100. The electrode 292 can be activated when the handtool 100 is in the forceps configuration. In some embodiments,electrical energy is prevented from being supplied when the hand tool100 is in the scissors configuration. The electrode 292 can be the samematerial as the distal portion 270 of the right tip 260. The electrode292 can be the same material as the right tip 260. The electrode 292 canbe a different material than the distal portion 270 of the right tip260. The electrode 292 can be a different material than the right tip260. The electrode 292 can be integrally or monolithically formed withthe right tip 260. The electrode 292 can be a separate component andcoupled to the right tip 260.

In some embodiments, the right lead 212 can pass through a channel inthe right spring 224. The right lead 212 can pass through a channel inthe right handle 232. The right lead 212 can pass through a channel inthe right tip 260. The channels in any of the components in the rightsection 202 can be insulated.

In some methods of assembly, the right tip 260 is inserted within therecess 262. Then the right hub 244 is coupled to the verticallyextending portion 240. The right tip 260 is place in the recess 262prior to coupling of the right hub 244. The right tip 260 can beretained within the recess 262 by a retention mechanism (not shown). Insome embodiments, the right hub 244 is removable. The right hub 244 canbe removed to replace the right tip 260. The right hub 244 can beremoved to sterilize the right tip 260.

In some methods of assembly, the right hub 244 is coupled to thevertically extending portion 240. This creates a channel between theexternal surface of the right hub 244 and the internal surface of therecess 262. In some embodiments, the right hub 244 is integrally formedwith the vertically extending portion 240. Then the right tip 260 isinserted within the recess 262. The ridge 274 is aligned with the secondportion 268 the recess 262 in the vertically extending portion 240. Theinternal surface 280 of the right extension 278 is aligned with theexternal surface of the right hub 244. The protrusion 272 of the righttip 260 is aligned with the hub recess 246.

From this position, the right tip 260 can be rotated about the right tipaxis 258. The right tip 260 can be rotated until the ridge 274 isreceived within the second portion 268 of the recess 162. In thisposition, the internal surface 280 of the right extension 278 can be incontact with the external surface of the right hub 244. In thisposition, the protrusion 272 can be received within the hub recess 256.

As shown in FIG. 1, the hand tool 100 can include a pin 296 coupled to aportion of the right tip 260. The pin 296 can be positioned on the rightextension 278. The pin 296 can extend from an external surface of theright extension 278. The pin 296 can extend radially outward from theouter surface of the right extension 278. In the illustrated embodiment,the pin 296 extends at an angle to the right tip axis 158. The angle maybe substantially perpendicular or perpendicular. The pin 296 can extendtransverse to the right tip axis 258.

The pin 296 can be a separate component coupled to the right tip 260.The pin 296 can be coupled by welding, fasteners, glue, friction fit,pawl and ratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method. Thepin 296 can be integrally or monolithically formed with the right tip260. The pin 296 can interact with a mechanism 300, as discussed ingreater detail below.

In an alternative embodiment, a pin can be coupled to a portion of theleft tip 160 rather than the right tip 260. The pin can be a mirrorimage of the pin 296. The pin can be positioned on the left extension178. The pin can extend from an external surface of the left extension178. The pin can extend radially outward from the outer surface of theleft extension 178. The pin 296 can be positioned on either extension178, 278. The pin 296 can be positioned on either tip 160, 260.

In some embodiments, one of the tips 160, 260 can have a protrusion 294and the other tip can have a recess 194. Referring to FIGS. 2B, 7C, and8C, the left tip 160 can have the recess 194 and the right tip 260 canhave the protrusion 294. In other embodiments, the left tip 160 can havethe protrusion 294 and the right tip 260 can have the recess 194. Theprotrusion 294 can extend perpendicularly from the internal surface 284of the right tip 260. The protrusion 294 can be located near thelongitudinally extending portion 282 or the conical portion 286 of theright tip 260. The recess 194 can extend perpendicularly from theinternal surface 184 of the left tip 160. The recess 194 can be locatednear the longitudinally extending portion 182 or the conical portion 186of the left tip 160. The protrusion 294 and the recess 194 can belocated near the distal end 118 of the hand tool 100.

The protrusion 294 can be sized to fit within the recess 194. Theprotrusion 294 or the recess 194 can include features to facilitateinsertion of the protrusion 294 within the recess 194. In someembodiments, the edges of the protrusion 294 are rounded to facilitateinsertion. The protrusion 294 can provide a pivot for the tips 160, 260to rotate relative to each other. The protrusion 294 and the recess 194can provide an axis 198 upon which the tips 160, 260 can pivot relativeto each other. The protrusion 294 can engage the recess 194 when thehand tool 100 is in the scissor configuration. The protrusion 294 canengage the recess 194 when the hand tool 100 is in the intermediateconfiguration.

Each tip 160, 260 can include a cutting edge 190, 290. The cutting edges190, 290 can be located on the conical portions 186, 286. The cuttingedges 190, 290 can be located on the longitudinally extending portions182, 282. Each tip 160, 260 can include one cutting edge, similar to apair of scissors. The cutting edges 190, 290 can have a range of motionfrom a closed position to an open position. In some embodiments, theangle formed between the cutting edges 190, 290 is ninety degrees in theopen position. When the cutting edges 190, 290 are being closed, thecutting edges 190, 290 can shear relative to each other. This action cancut tissue. In some embodiments, each tip 160, 260 can include two ormore cutting edges.

The springs 124, 224 can be designed to return each handle 132, 232 to aneutral position. In some embodiments, the neutral position can includea separation between the conical portions 186, 286. In some embodiments,the neutral position can include a separation between the longitudinallyextending portions 182, 282. In some embodiments, the neutral positioncan include a separation between the handles 132, 232. In otherconfigurations, the hand tool 100 can include one spring (e.g., eitherthe left spring 124 or the right spring 224). For instance, the handtool 100 can include the right spring 224. The longitudinally extendingportion 128 of the left handle 132 can extend to the mechanicalconnector 122. The right handle 232 can be manipulated to move the righttip 260 relative to the left tip 160.

In some embodiments, the longitudinally extending portions 128, 228 arecurved or substantially curved (e.g., concave, convex, bent, etc.). Inother configurations, the longitudinally extending portions 128, 228 arestraight or substantially straight. In some embodiments, the conicalportions 186, 286 are curved or substantially curved (e.g., concave,convex, bent, etc.). In other configurations, the conical portions 186,286 are straight or substantially straight.

In some embodiments, the handles 132, 232 of the hand tool 100 canextend substantially along the longitudinal axis 106. The recesses 162,262 can extend along the longitudinal axis 106. The handles 132, 232 canhave any cross-sectional shape including rectangular, square, polygonal,etc. In some embodiments, the handles 132, 232 are straight orsubstantially straight. In some embodiments, the handles 132, 232 arecurved or substantially curved (e.g., concave, convex, bent, etc.).

In some embodiments, electrical energy is supplied at a location alongthe length of the hand tool 100. For instance, electrical energy can besupplied to each handle 132, 232 of hand tool 100. The lead 112 can becoupled to the left handle 132 and the lead 212 can be coupled to theright handle 232. The distance between the handles 132, 232 can functionas an electrical isolator. For instance, electrical energy can besupplied to each hub 144, 244 of hand tool 100. The lead 112 can becoupled to the left hub 144 and the lead 212 can be coupled to the righthub 244. The distance between the hubs 144, 244 can function as anelectrical isolator. For instance, electrical energy can be supplied toeach tip 160, 260 of hand tool 100. The lead 112 can be coupled to theleft tip 160 and the lead 212 can be coupled to the right tip 260. Thedistance between the tips 160, 260 can function as an electricalisolator.

Each tip 160, 260 can include electrode 192, 292 for use in bipolarelectrocautery for example. The electrodes 192, 292 can be located onthe longitudinally extending portion 182, 282. The electrodes 192, 292can be located on the conical portion 186, 286. The electrodes 192, 292can be located on an external surface of the tips 160, 260. Theelectrodes 192, 292 can be located on an internal surface of the tips160, 260 for instance the flat surfaces 184, 284. The electrodes 192,292 can be configured for cauterization, hemostasis, and tissuedissection. Other modes of electrical current transmission arecontemplated.

The hand tool 100 can allow current to flow from the location whereelectrical energy is supplied to the electrodes 192, 292. The hand tool100 can have a current passage that allows current to flow through thehand tool 100 and to the electrodes 192, 292. The hand tool 100 can besufficiently insulated to prevent the dissipation of electrical energy.The hand tool 100 can be grounded. The hand tool 100 can be designed tooperate in conjunction with currently available current generators andother electrical devices.

The hand tool 100 can have a fluid passage having a fluid inlet and afluid outlet. The fluid inlet can be located near a proximal end 116 ofthe hand tool 100. The fluid inlet can be connectable to a fluid source.The fluid outlet can be located near the distal end 118 of the hand tool100. In some embodiments, the hand tool 100 can have more than one fluidoutlet. The fluid outlet can be in fluid communication with the fluidinlet, such that fluid can travel through the fluid passage of the handtool 100. The fluid outlet can be located on the longitudinallyextending portion 182, 282. The fluid outlet can be located on theconical portion 186, 286. The fluid outlet can be located on an externalsurface of the tips 160, 260. The fluid outlet can be located on aninternal surface of the tips 160, 260, for instance the flat surfaces184, 284. The fluid outlet can be located near the electrodes 192, 292.The fluid can be a coolant, a medication, or any substance selected tobe delivered to the surgical site. The hand tool 100 can be designed tooperate in conjunction with currently available fluid systems.

Operation of the Hand Tool

The hand tool 100 can transition between at least three functionalconfigurations, as shown generally in FIGS. 2A, 3, and 4. Theseconfigurations are referred to as the forceps configuration, thescissors configuration, and the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the forceps configuration includes a bipolar electrocauteryforceps configuration. In some embodiments, the scissors configurationincludes a microscissors configuration. In some embodiments, thescissors configuration and the forceps configuration are mutuallyexclusive functional configurations.

FIG. 2A shows the hand tool 100 in the forceps configuration. Thesprings 124, 224 bias the handles 132, 232 away from each other. Thedistal tips 188, 288 can be separated in the neutral position. The usercan apply a force to the handles 132, 232 to move the distal tips 188,288 toward each other. The user can release the force to the handles132, 232 and the distal tips 188, 288 can return to the neutralposition.

FIG. 3 shows the hand tool 100 in the intermediate configuration. Inorder to change configurations, the handles 132, 232 are moved towardeach other. The user applies a force to overcome the biasing force ofthe springs 124, 224. The internal surface of the handles 132, 232 canabut. The left tip 160 and the right tip 260 can be brought together.The tips 160, 260 can abut. The internal flat surfaces 184, 284 canabut. The left tip axis 158 and the right tip axis 258 can align alongthe longitudinal axis 106. The protrusion 294 can engage the recess 194.The intermediate configuration permits the transition from the forcepsconfiguration to the scissors configuration. The intermediateconfiguration permits the transition from the scissors configuration tothe forceps configuration. In some embodiments, the intermediateconfiguration is the probe configuration. In some embodiments, the handtool 100 transitions from the forceps configuration to the probeconfiguration to the scissors configuration. In some embodiments, thehand tool 100 transitions from the scissors configuration to the probeconfiguration to the forceps configuration. In some embodiments, theprobe configuration is not an intermediate configuration. In someembodiments, the hand tool 100 transitions from the scissorsconfiguration to the forceps configuration to the probe configuration.In some embodiments, the hand tool 100 transitions from the forcepsconfiguration to the scissors configuration to the probe configuration.In some embodiments, the intermediate configuration can permit thetransition from the scissors configuration to the probe configuration.In some embodiments, the intermediate configuration can permit thetransition from the probe configuration to the scissors configuration.In some embodiments, the intermediate configuration can permit thetransition from the forceps configuration to the probe configuration. Insome embodiments, the intermediate configuration can permit thetransition from the probe configuration to the forceps configurations.The intermediate position permits the transition from the scissorsconfiguration to the probe configuration, the probe configuration to thescissors configuration, the forceps configuration to the probeconfiguration, and the probe configuration to the forcepsconfigurations.

FIG. 4 shows the hand tool 100 in the scissors configuration. Thesprings 124, 224 bias the handles 132, 232 away from each other. Thedistal tips 188, 288 can be separated in the neutral position. The usercan apply a force to the handles 132, 232 to move the distal tips 188,288 toward each other. The user can apply a force to the handles 132,232 to pivot the distal tips 188, 288 about the axis 198. The user canapply a force to the handles 132, 232 to shear the cutting edges 190,290 past each other. The user can release the force to the handles 132,232 and the distal tips 188, 288 can return to the neutral position.

In the forceps, scissors, and probe configurations, the proximal portion164 of the left tip 160 is retained within the recess 162. In both theforceps and the scissors configuration, the proximal portion 264 of theright tip 260 is retained within the recess 262. In both the forceps andthe scissors configuration, the ridge 174 is retained within the recess162. In both the forceps and the scissors configuration, the ridge 274is retained within the recess 262.

In the forceps configuration, the internal flat surfaces 184, 284 arevertical or substantially vertical. In the scissors configuration, theinternal flat surfaces 184, 284 are horizontal or substantiallyhorizontal. In the forceps configuration, the right tip 260 can behorizontally offset from the left tip 160. The right tip 260 can betoward the right and the left tip 160 can be toward the left. In thescissors configuration, the right tip 260 can be generally over top theleft tip 160. In the scissors configuration, the left tip 160 can begenerally underneath the right tip 260. Other configurations arecontemplated. For example, the internal surfaces of the tips can bevertical or substantially vertical in the scissors configuration andhorizontal or substantially horizontal in the forceps configuration. Thesurfaces can be in any position in either the forceps or scissorsconfigurations.

As shown in FIGS. 1-4, the hand tool 100 can include a mechanism 300that enables the user to transition between the forceps configuration,the scissors configuration, and the probe configuration. In theillustrated embodiment, the mechanism 300 is located on the right handle232. The mechanism 300 can interact with the pin 296. The mechanism 300can be located as part of the same section as the pin 296. In theillustrated embodiment, the pin 296 is located on the right section 202.In the illustrated embodiment, the mechanism 300 is located on the rightsection 202.

The mechanism 300 can include a slide 302. The slide 302 can be coupledto the vertically extending portion 240. In the illustrated embodiment,the vertically extending portion 140 can include a retaining hole 298.The slide 302 can include a guide slot 310. The guide slot 310 canengage the retaining hole 298. For instance, the retaining hole 270 canengage a screw (not shown). The screw can translate within the guideslot 310 when the slide 302 translates. In some embodiments, the slide302 can be coupled via a rail, protrusion, detent, ratchet, etc. Theslide 302 is designed to translate along a portion of the verticallyextending portion 240. The slide 302 is capable of sliding upward anddownward relative to the right handle 232. The slide 302 can be lessthan the total height of the vertically extending portion 240 or apercentage of the total height (e.g., 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, etc.). The slide 302 can be less than the total width of thevertically extending portion 240 or a percentage of the total width(e.g., 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, etc.). The slide 302 canbe greater than the total width of the vertically extending portion 240(e.g., 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, 200%, 300%etc.).

The slide 302 can include a lower portion 304 and an upper portion 306.The lower portion 304 can be approximately the same length as thevertically extending portion 240. The upper portion 306 can be a greaterlength than the vertically extending portion 240. The upper portion 306can extend distally from the vertically extending portion 240 near theupper edge of the slide 302. In some embodiments, the upper portion 306can include a housing 308. The housing 308 can extend distally from thevertically extending portion 240 near the upper edge of the slide 302.The housing 308 can have a greater width than the width of the lowerportion 304. The housing 308 can be convex. The housing 308 can have anon-symmetrical shape. In the illustrated embodiment, the slide 302 caninclude at least a portion that extends distally from the verticallyextending portion 240. The housing 308 can include any shape (e.g.,circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, triangular, polygonal,sigmoid, etc.).

The mechanism 300 can include a grip 312. The grip 312 can be locatednear an edge of the slide 302. The grip 312 can be located proximallyfrom the vertically extending portion 240. In the illustratedembodiment, the grip 312 is located near the proximal end of the slide302. Other configurations are contemplated (e.g., near the top of theslide 302, near the bottom of the slide 302, on an external surface ofthe slide 302, etc.). The grip 312 can include one or more ridges tofacilitate the movement of the slide 302. Other configurations arecontemplated (e.g., roughened surfaces, protrusions, etc.).

The mechanism 300 can include a slot 314. The slot 314 provides a pathfor the pin 296 as the slide 302 is translated. The slot 314 can bewithin the housing 308. The outer perimeter of the slot 314 can bewithin or smaller than the outer perimeter of the housing 308. Thehousing 308 can have a width sufficient to enclose the pin 296. Thehousing 308 can have an area of increased thickness near the slot 314.The increased thickness can facilitate repeated movements against thepin 296 without deformation of the housing 308. In some embodiments, theslot 314 is covered. The slot 314 can be covered by an external surfaceof the housing 308. In other embodiments, the slot 314 is exposed to theuser.

In some embodiments, the slot 314 is linear. In other embodiments, theslot 314 is non-linear. The slot 314 can have a variety of shapesincluding curved, s-shaped, bow-tie shaped, sloped, stepped, etc. Theslot 314 can have any shape that allows the slot 314 to function as aguide for the pin 296. The slot 314 can be integrally formed with theslide 302. The slot 314 can be formed by any machining, casting orforming processes.

The slot 314 can function to guide the pin 296. The pin 296, asdiscussed above, is coupled to the right tip 260. In the illustratedembodiment, the pin 296 extends from an external surface of the rightextension 278. An edge of the slot 314 pushes the pin 296 as the slide302 is moved. The shape of the slot 314 permits the pin to rotate aboutthe right tip axis 258 as the slide 302 is moved. In some embodiments,the pin 296 can be adjusted to a number of discrete positions within theslot 314 (e.g., two, three, four, five, etc.). In some embodiments, thepin 296 can be adjusted to an infinite number of positions within theslot 314.

The slide 302 can be coupled to the hand tool 100 at two points ofcontact. The slide 302 can be coupled to the vertically extendingportion 140 with the retaining hole 298 and the guide 310. The slide 302can be coupled to the tip 260 with the pin 296 and the slot 314. As theslide 302 translates, the screw (not shown) in the retaining hole 298translates within the guide 310. As the slide 302 translates, the pin296 translates within the slot 314.

The mechanism 300 can have a first position and a second position. Thefirst position can correspond to forceps configuration. The secondposition can correspond to the scissor configuration. In the illustratedembodiments, the mechanism 300 can be in the first position when theslide 302 is lower on the vertically extending portion 240. There can bea larger separation between the top surface of the slide 302 and the topsurface of the vertically extending portion 240. There can be a smallerseparation between the bottom surface of the slide 302 and the bottomsurface of the vertically extending portion 240. The bottom surface ofthe slide 302 and the bottom surface of the vertically extending portion240 can be aligned. FIG. 2A shows the mechanism 300 in the firstposition. When the mechanism 300 is in the first position, the left tip160 and the right tip 260 can be used as forceps.

In the illustrated embodiments, the mechanism 300 can be in the secondposition when the slide 302 is higher on the vertically extendingportion 240. There can be a smaller separation between the top surfaceof the slide 302 and the top surface of the vertically extending portion240. The top surface of the slide 302 and the top surface of thevertically extending portion 240 can be aligned. There can be a largerseparation between the bottom surface of the slide 302 and the bottomsurface of the vertically extending portion 240. FIG. 4 shows themechanism 300 in the second position. When the mechanism 300 is in thesecond position, the left tip 160 and the right tip 260 can be used asscissors.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show the mechanism 300 in the first position. FIG. 5Ashows the front view of the hand tool 100 and FIG. 5B shows across-section view along line B-B. In the first position, the pin 296 isnear the lower end of the slot 314. The pin 296 is retained within theslot 314. In the illustrated embodiment, the pin 296 is not being actedon by any edge of the slot 314.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show the mechanism 300 in the second position. FIG. 6Ashows the front view of the hand tool 100 and FIG. 6B shows across-section view along line M-M. In the second position, the pin 296is near the upper end of the slot 314. As the slide 302 is moved upwardalong the vertically extending portion 240, an edge of the slot 314 cancome into contact with the pin 296. Further upward movement of the slide302 can cause the edge of the slot 314 to exert a force on the pin 296.This force can cause the pin 296 to rotate about the right tip axis 258.Further upward movement of the slide 302 can cause the pin to rotate aquarter turn (e.g.,) 90° or approximately a quarter turn (e.g., 80°,85°, 90°, 95°, 100°, etc.). Rotation of the pin 296 can cause the righttip 260 to rotate within the recess 262 of the vertically extendingportion 240. Rotation of the right tip 260 can exert a force on the lefttip 160. The force exerted by the right tip 260 can be directly exertedon the left tip 160. As the right tip 260 is rotated within the recess262, the left tip 160 can rotate within the recess 162.

FIGS. 7A-7C show the mechanism 300 in the first position. FIG. 7A showsthe side view of the hand tool 100. FIG. 7B shows a cross-section viewalong line D-D. FIG. 7C shows a cross-section view along line G-G. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the first position corresponds to the slide302 being in a lower position as shown in FIG. 7A.

The pin 296 can extend from the right extension 278 as shown in FIG. 7B.The pin 296 can be retained within the slot 314. In the illustratedembodiment, the slot 314 is formed in a portion of the housing 308. Thepin 296 can have a sufficient size to extend past the verticallyextending portion 240 and into the housing 308. The pin 296 can have agreater dimension than the width of the vertically extending portion240. The pin 296 can be positioned at an angle 202. The angle 202 can beapproximately 45° from the vertical plane of the hand tool 100. Otherangles are possible (e.g., 0°, 5°, 10°15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°,50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°, 90°, etc.). The protrusion 294can be received in the recess 194 as shown in FIG. 7C.

FIGS. 8A-8C show the mechanism 300 in the second position. FIG. 8A showsthe side view of the hand tool 100. FIG. 8B shows a cross-section viewalong line P-P. FIG. 8C shows a cross-section view along line T-T. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the second position corresponds to the slide302 being in a higher position as shown in FIG. 8A.

The pin 296 can be rotated as shown in FIG. 8B. The pin 296 can bepositioned at an angle 204. The angle 204 can be approximately 45° fromthe vertical plane of the hand tool 100. Other angles are possible(e.g., 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°,65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°, 90°, etc.) The pin 296 can rotate approximately90° as the mechanism 300 is moved from the first position to the secondposition. The pin 296 can rotate approximatley 90° as the hand tool 100is transitioned between the forceps configuration and the scissorsconfiguration. Other ranges of motion of the pin 296 are possible (e.g.,80°, 85°, 90°, 95°, 100°).

The protrusion 294 can be received in the recess 194 as shown in FIG.8C. The protrusion 294 can extend from the internal flat surface 284 ofthe right tip 260. The recess 194 can extend into the internal flatsurface 184 of the left tip 160. The tips 160, 260 can rotate or pivotabout the protrusion 294. The tips 160, 260 can rotate or pivot aboutthe axis 198. The protrusion 294 can extend downward such that gravityaids in the retention of the protrusion 294 within the recess 194.

The functional configuration of the hand tool 100 is selected by theuser by manipulating the mechanism 300. The user can slide a finger tomove the slide 302. The user can manipulate the mechanism 300 whileholding the hand tool 100. The slide 302 can change the position of theslot 314 relative to the pin 296. The mechanism 300 can exert a force onthe pin 296 to rotate the pin 296. In the illustrated embodiment, anedge of the slot 314 of the mechanism 300 can act on the pin 296. Therotation of the pin 296 can rotate both tips 160, 260. The tips 160, 260can rotate approximately 90° as the hand tool 100 is transitionedbetween the forceps configuration and the scissors configuration. Otherranges of motion of the tips 160, 260 are possible (e.g., 80°, 85°, 90°,95°, 100°).

The mechanism 300 can convert translational motion of the slide 302 intorotational motion of pin 296. When the slide 302 is moved upward, themechanism 300 can apply a rotational force to the pin 296. The pin 296can be coupled to the right extension 278. The right extension 278 canhave a cross-sectional shape of roughly a quarter-circle. The rightextension 278 can rotate within the recess 262 of the verticallyextending portion 240 as the pin 296 is rotated. The right extension 278can rotate about the right hub 244 as the pin 296 is rotated. The righthub 244 can provide support to the right tip 260 as the pin 296 isrotated. The protrusion 272 and the hub recess 256 can maintainalignment of the right tip 260 as the right tip 260 is rotated. Theright tip 260 can rotate about the right tip axis 258. The right tip 260can rotate about the longitudinal axis 106.

The left extension 178 can have a cross-sectional shape of roughly aquarter-circle. The left extension 178 can rotate within the recess 162of the vertically extending portion 140 as the pin 296 is rotated. Theleft extension 178 can rotate about the left hub 144 as the pin 296 isrotated. The left hub 144 can provide support to the left tip 160 as thepin 296 is rotated. The protrusion 172 and the hub recess 156 canmaintain alignment of the left tip 160 as the left tip 160 is rotated.The left tip 160 can rotate about the left tip axis 158. The left tip160 can rotate about the longitudinal axis 106.

Both tips 160, 260 can rotate the same direction. In the illustratedembodiment, the right tip 260 rotates clockwise along the right hub 244when the hand tool 100 transitions from the forceps configuration to thescissors configuration. The right tip 260 rotates counter-clockwisealong the right hub 244 when the hand tool 100 transitions from thescissors configuration to the forceps configuration. In the illustratedembodiment, the left tip 160 rotates clockwise along the left hub 144when the hand tool 100 transitions from the forceps configuration to thescissors configuration. The left tip 160 rotates counter-clockwise alongthe left hub 144 when the hand tool 100 transitions from the scissorsconfiguration to the forceps configuration. The rotation in theclockwise direction is shown in FIGS. 7B and 8B. Other configurationsare possible, where the mechanism rotates the tips clockwise to embodythe transitions from the scissors configuration to the forcepsconfiguration and counterclockwise to transitions from the forcepsconfiguration to the scissors configuration.

In some embodiments, one mechanism 300 is provided. In the illustratedembodiment, the mechanism 300 is coupled to the right handle 232 and thepin 296 is provided on the right tip 260. The right tip 260 is theleader and the left tip 160 is the follower. The tips 160, 260 can bebrought together and into contact in the intermediate configuration. Inthe intermediate configuration, movement of the right tip 260 can imparta force on the left tip 160 to cause rotation. In some embodiments, themechanism 300 is coupled to the left handle 132 and the pin 296 isprovided on the left tip 160. The left tip 160 can be the leader and theright tip 260 can be the follower. In some embodiments, more than onemechanism 300 is provided. One mechanism 300 is coupled to the righthandle 232 and the pin 296 is provided on the right tip 260. Anothermechanism is coupled to the left handle 132 and another pin is providedon the left tip 160. The user can move one or both mechanisms 300 torotate the tips 160, 260.

The user selects the configuration of the hand tool 100 by movement ofthe mechanism 300. In some embodiments, the mechanism 300 is moved by afinger of the hand in which the hand tool 100 is held. In someembodiments, the mechanism 300 is moved by the thumb of the hand inwhich the hand tool 100 is held. In some embodiments, the mechanism 300is moved by a finger or thumb of the hand not holding the hand tool 100.The mechanism 300 allows the user to select between functionalconfigurations with relative ease. The movement of the mechanism 300 canbe intuitive to the user.

The hand tool 100 does not need to be removed from the surgical site toswitch configurations. The mechanism 300 can be manipulated while thetips 160, 260 remain within the surgical site. The hand tool 100requires the user to collapse the hand tool 100 in the intermediateconfiguration. This requires less space than either the forcepsconfiguration or the scissors configuration. In some embodiments, oncein the intermediate configuration, the user can transition between theforceps configuration and the scissors configuration. In someembodiments, once in the intermediate configuration, the user cantransition between the forceps configuration, the scissorsconfiguration, and the probe configuration. The hand tool 100 does notrequire any large movements to switch configurations.

Once the hand tool 100 is in the desired configuration, the scissors orforceps are operated conventionally. In the forceps configuration,movement of the handles 132, 232 causes the forceps to come together.The springs 124, 224 can return the handles 132, 232 to a neutralposition. In the scissors configuration, movement of the handles 132,232 causes the cutting edges of the tips 160, 260 to shear with respectto each other. The springs 124, 224 return the handles 132, 232 to aneutral position.

Component to Facilitate Scissor Function

The hand tool 100 can include a component to maintain alignment of thetips 160, 260 in the scissors configuration. This component can ensureengagement between the cutting edges 190, 290 to allow the tips 160, 260to cut tissue. In the illustrated embodiment, the component is a sleeve400. The sleeve 400 can extend along the length of one of the tips 160,260 in the forceps configuration. The sleeve 400 can extend along thelength of both tips 160, 260 in the scissors configuration. Othermechanisms are contemplated which function to hold the tips 160, 260together in the scissors configuration.

FIGS. 9A-9D show an embodiment of the sleeve 400. FIG. 9A shows theperspective view of the hand tool 100 with the sleeve 400. FIG. 9B showsa top view and FIG. 9C shows a side view. FIG. 9D shows a cross-sectionview along line K-K. In FIG. 9A, the right handle 232 is removed. Thesleeve 400 is coupled to the left handle 132. The sleeve 400 can becoupled to the left handle 132 by welding, fasteners, glue, frictionfit, pawl and ratchet, detent and protrusion, or other fixation method.In the illustrated embodiment, the sleeve 400 is coupled to thevertically extending portion 140. The sleeve 400 extends from thevertically extending portion 140. The sleeve 400 extends along the lefttip axis 158.

The sleeve 400 can include a proximal portion 402 near the verticallyextending portion 140. The proximal portion 402 can be flat orsubstantially flat. The proximal portion 402 can be offset from the lefttip 160. In some embodiments, the proximal portion 402 is not in contactwith the left tip 160.

The sleeve 400 can include a distal portion 404. The distal portion 404can have an internal surface 406 and an external surface 408. Theinternal surface 406 can be concave. The internal surface 406 can besized to complement the external shape of the left tip 160. The diameterof the internal surface 406 can be equal or approximately equal to thediameter of the left tip 160. The diameter of the internal surface 406can be slightly larger than the diameter of the external surface of theleft tip 160 or a percentage thereof (e.g., 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%,125%, 130%, 140%, 145%, 150%, etc.). The internal surface 406 cancomplement the external shape of the left tip 160 in the forcepsconfiguration. The internal surface 406 can also complement the externalshape of a portion of the left tip 160 and a portion of the right tip260 in the scissors configuration. The external surface 408 of thedistal portion 404 can be convex. The external surface 408 can have anyshape (e.g., elliptical, oval, rectangular, square, etc.).

The sleeve 400 can include a middle portion 410 that transitions betweenthe proximal portion 402 and the distal portion 404. The sleeve 400 canbe tapered as shown in FIG. 9B. The proximal portion 402 can surround asmaller portion of the left tip 160. The distal portion 404 can surrounda larger portion of the left tip 160.

The sleeve 400 can extend along a portion of the tip 160. In theillustrated embodiment, the conical portion 186 extends distally fromthe sleeve 400 as shown in FIG. 9C. The sleeve 400 is sized to permitmovement of the tips 160, 260 in the forceps configuration and thescissors configuration.

In the forceps configuration (not shown), the distal portion 404surrounds the left tip 160. The internal surface 406 can be adjacent tothe left tip 106. The internal surface 406 can be in contact with orabut the left tip 106. The distal portion 404 can surround the entireleft tip 160 or a portion thereof. The distal portion 404 can extendbeyond the left tip 160. In the illustrated embodiment, the distalportion 404 can be semi-circular. The left tip 160 can be semi-circular.

In the scissors configuration shown in FIG. 9D, the distal portion 404surrounds a portion of the left tip 160 and a portion of the right tip260. The internal surface 406 can be adjacent to a portion of the lefttip 160 and a portion of the right tip 260. The internal surface 406 canbe in contact with or abut a portion of the left tip 160 and a portionof the right tip 260. The distal portion 404 can surround a percentageof the left tip 160 (e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, etc.). The distalportion 404 can surround a percentage of the right tip 260 (e.g., 30%,40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, etc.). The distal portion 404 can surround half ofthe left tip 160 and half of the right tip 260. In the illustratedembodiment, the internal surface 406 can be semi-circular. The externalsurface of the left tip 160 and the right tip 260 can be semi-circular.The internal surface 406 can allow the free rotation of the left tip 160and the right tip 260 there within. The internal surface 406 can takeother shapes or combination of shapes (e.g., semi-circular and flat,rectangular, circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, triangular,polygonal, sigmoid, etc.).

FIG. 9D shows the sleeve 400 contacting both tips 160, 260 in thescissors configuration. The sleeve 400 can function to hold the tips160, 260 together in the scissors configuration. The sleeve 400 canfunction to prevent separation of the tips 160, 260 in the scissorsconfiguration. The sleeve 400 can function to prevent separation of theprotrusion 294 and the recess 194 in the scissors configuration. Themovement of the right tip 260 upward is reduced or prevented by thesleeve 400. The movement of the left tip 160 downward is reduced orprevented by the sleeve 400. Other mechanisms are contemplated whichfunction to hold the tips 160, 260 together in the scissorsconfiguration.

Locking Component to Maintain Functional Configuration

The hand tool 100 can include a locking mechanism 500. The lockingmechanism 500 can function to reduce or prevent rotational movement ofone or more of the extensions 178, 278. The locking mechanism 500 canfunction to reduce or prevent rotational movement of one or more of thetips 160, 260. The locking mechanism 500 can be locked when the handtool 100 is in the forceps configuration, as shown in FIG. 2A. Thelocking mechanism 500 can be locked when the hand tool 100 is in thescissors configuration, as shown in FIG. 4. The locking mechanism 500can be unlocked when the hand tool 100 is in the intermediateconfiguration, as shown in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 10A-10C show an embodiment of the locking mechanism 500. Thelocking mechanism 500 can include a bar 502. The bar 502 can be anyshape (e.g., straight, curved, bent, s-shape etc.). In the illustratedembodiment, the bar 502 has a bend. The bar 502 can be retained within aslot. The bar 502 can move within the slot in a direction perpendicularor substantially perpendicular to the right tip axis 258. In theillustrated embodiment, the slot can be located in the right hub 244.The slot can be located in the proximal portion 248 or the distalportion 252 of the right hub 244. In the illustrated embodiment, theslot can be located in the proximal portion 248. In some embodiments,the slot is within the right handle 232.

The bar 502 can be coupled to a pin 504. The pin 504 can be any shape(e.g., curved, straight, u-shaped, slanted, etc.). In the illustratedembodiment, the pin 504 is u-shaped. The pin 504 can include a proximalend which engages the bar 502. The pin 504 can include a distal endwhich engages the extension 278. In the illustrated embodiment, the pin504 can engage a recess in the extension 278. In the illustratedembodiment, the pin 504 has two prongs. The upper prong of the pin 504can engage the recess when the hand tool 100 is in the scissorsconfiguration, as shown in FIGS. 10A-10C. The lower prong of the pin 504can engage the recess when the hand tool 100 is in the forcepsconfiguration. The pin 504 can prevent rotation of the extension 278when a prong of the pin 504 engages the recess of the extension 278.

The bar 502 can extend from an internal surface of the handle 232. Theaction of abutting the handles 132, 232 can cause the bar 502 to movewithin the slot. This action can unlock the locking mechanism 500. Thelocking mechanism 500 can be unlocked when the handles 132, 232 arebrought toward each other. In some embodiments, the left handle 132 willexert a force on the bar 502. In some embodiments, the hub 144 willexert a force on the bar 502. The bar 502 can move outward from thelongitudinal axis 106. The bar 502 can move toward the handle 232. Theshape of the bar 502 can cause the pin 504 to be moved along the righttip axis 258. The pin 504 can translate toward the proximal end 116 asthe bar 502 is moved toward the handle 232. The pin 504 can disengagethe recess of the extension 278 when the pin 504 translates proximally.The upper prong of the pin 504 can disengage the recess when the pin 504translates proximally. The lower prong of the pin 504 can disengage therecess when the pin 504 translates proximally. The tips 160, 260 can berotated when the pin 504 disengages the recess in the right extension278.

The locking mechanism 500 can have a neutral position. The neutralposition can be the locked position. In the neutral position, a prong ofthe pin 504 can engage the recess in the extension 278. The lockingmechanism 500 can return to the neutral position via a spring. In otherembodiments, the locking mechanism 500 can be returned to the neutralposition by other means (e.g., magnets, gravity, manually force, etc.).The locking mechanism 500 can be manually moved by the user. The lockingmechanism 500 can be returned to the neutral position by the action ofseparating the handles 132, 232.

In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 500 is placed within therecess 262 in the vertically extending portion 240. The lockingmechanism 500 would block the rotational movement of the right extension278 in the recess 262. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 500 isplaced within the recess 162 in the vertically extending portion 140.The locking mechanism 500 would block the rotational movement of theleft extension 178 in the recess 162. In some embodiments, the lockingmechanism 500 can remain in one recess 162, 262. In some embodiments, alocking mechanism 500 can be provided for each recess 162, 262. In someembodiments, the locking mechanism 500 can move between the recesses162, 262. For instance, the locking mechanism 500 can be located in therecess 262 when the hand tool 100 is in the forceps configuration. Thelocking mechanism 500 can rotate into the recess 162 when the hand tool100 is in the scissors configuration.

In the illustrated embodiment, the locking mechanism 500 can be includedin the right section 202. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 500can be included in the left section 102. In some embodiments, thelocking mechanism 500 can be included in both the left section 102 andthe right section 202. Other embodiments are contemplated to prevent theextensions 178, 278 from rotating (e.g., spring, detent, magnet, etc.).

In other embodiments, the user can manipulate an interface (not shown)to unlock the locking mechanism 500. The neutral position can be thatthe locking mechanism 500 is locked. For instance, the interface (notshown) can be a button that when depressed would unlock the lockingmechanism 500. The interface (not shown) can be a slide that can have aposition when the locking mechanism 500 is locked and a position whenthe locking mechanism 500 is unlocked. Other configurations ofinterfaces (not shown) are contemplated.

The hand tool 100 can be generally composed of metal alloys, plastic, orother suitable biocompatible material. The hand tool 100 can be made byconventional machining and metal fabrication techniques, plasticfabrication techniques, and finishing processes including but notlimited to milling, lathing, electrodischarge and welding, injectionmolding, powder coating and painting. The hand tool 100 can beoptionally coated with one or more coatings, including but not limitedto plastic, rubber, powder coat and paint or any combination thereof.The hand tool 100 can comprise multiple parts assembled and delivered toits intended user. The hand tool 100 can be sterilized before it isprovided to the intended user.

Different methods of switching configurations, different mechanism forrotating the tips, different configurations of the pin are contemplated.Further, the hand tool 100 may be configured to provide different toolfunctions than forceps and scissors described herein. Further, the handtool 100 may have additional functional configurations corresponding todifferent tools. The hand tool 100 may be used in conjunction with othertools, for instance an operating microscope.

Other embodiments of the hand tool are shown in U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/906,337 filed Nov. 19, 2013, the disclosures of whichis incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The hand tool 100described herein can have any of the features, components, orsubcomponents described in the provisional application. In theillustrated embodiment of FIGS. 1-9 in the provisional application, thehandle 132 can include an additional longitudinally extending portionlocated distal of the vertically extending portions 140, 240. Thisadditional longitudinally extending portion is shown in FIGS. 1-3 ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/906,337. The additionallongitudinally extending portion of the left handle 132 can include therecess 162. The recess 162 can be enclosed or partially enclosed by theadditional longitudinally extending portion. The recess 162 can besemi-circular as described herein. The recess 162 can be sized toreceive the left extension 178.

In some embodiments, the right handle 232 can be a mirror image of theleft handle 132. The right handle 232 can include an additionallongitudinally extending portion. The additional longitudinallyextending portion can include the recess 262. The recess 262 can beenclosed or partially enclosed by the additional longitudinallyextending portion. The recess 262 can be semi-circular as describeherein. The recess 262 can be sized to receive the right extension 278.

The tips 160, 260 can include a respective longitudinally extendingportion 182, 282, as shown in FIG. 5 of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/906,337. The longitudinally extending portion 182,282 can be semi-circular. The tips 160, 260 can include a respectiveconical portion 186, 286. The tips 160, 260 can include a respectiveextension 178, 278. The extensions 178, 278 can be quarter-circular. Atleast one of the extensions 178, 278 can include an engaging surface.The engaging surface can be a pin. The pin can extend parallel orsubstantially parallel to the tip axis 158, 258. The engaging surfacecan be rotated to the extensions 178, 278 within the recesses 162, 262.The engaging surface can be rotated to transition the hand tool betweena forceps configuration and a scissors configuration.

The mechanism 300 can include a slide 302 as shown in FIG. 6 of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/906,337. The slide 302 can includea slot 314 configured to interact with the pin. The slide is configuredto move upward and downward. The movement of the slide can rotate theengaging surface. The engaging surface can rotate the extension 178, 278to which the engaging surface is attached. The extension can rotate oneof the tips 160, 260 which can impart a force of the other of the tips160, 260.

FIGS. 16-26 show an embodiment of a hand tool 1000. The hand tool 1000can include features of hand tool 100 and similar reference numbers areused for similar features. The two tips 160, 260 of the hand tool 100have been described herein. In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 arebrought together. Each of the bilateral tips 160, 260 can have an axis158, 258 about which each tip rotates. The tips 160, 260 can be broughttogether to align their axes 158, 258. Alignment of the bilateral tipaxes 158, 258 can facilitate rotation of the tips 160, 260. Rotation ofthe tips 160, 260 can allow the hand tool 100, 1000 to transitionbetween functional configurations.

The hand tool 100, 1000 has the longitudinal axis 106 that extendsbetween the proximal end 116 and the distal end 118. In someembodiments, the axis 158, 258 are aligned along the longitudinal axis106 when the tips 160, 260 are brought together. In some embodiments,the tips 160, 260 rotate about the longitudinal axis 106 of the handtool 100, 1000. In other embodiments, the axis 158, 258 are not alignedalong the longitudinal axis 106 when the tips 160, 260 are broughttogether. In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 rotate about anotheraxis which is at an angle or skewed relative to the longitudinal axis106 of the hand tool 100, 1000.

In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 can rotate along multiple axes.For instance, the left tip 160 can rotate about left tip axis 158. Insome embodiments, the left tip axis 158 is a longitudinal axis of theleft tip 160. In other embodiments, the left tip axis 158 is at an angleor skewed relative to the longitudinal axis of the left tip 160. Theright tip 260 can rotate about right tip axis 258. In some embodiments,the right tip axis 258 is a longitudinal axis of the right tip 260. Inother embodiments, the right tip axis 258 is at an angle or skewedrelative to the longitudinal axis of the right tip 260. The tips 160,260 can rotate along their axes 158, 258 in the same direction. The tips160, 260 can rotate along their axes 158, 258 in an opposite direction.

In some embodiments, the left tip axis 158 and the right tip axis 258are aligned when the tips 160, 260 are brought together. In someembodiments, the tips can rotate about the aligned axes. In someembodiments, each tip 160, 260 has multiple axes of rotation. In someembodiments, the tips can rotate about the aligned axes whilesimultaneously rotating about non-aligned axes. The tips 160, 260 canrotate along their non-aligned axes in the same or opposite direction asrotation about the aligned axis. Any portion or all of a tip 160, 260can be made to rotate in any direction.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes rotation of tips160, 260 about an axis that is not common between the two tips 160, 260.In some embodiments, the two tips 160, 260 can rotate along independentaxes (>1 axis). In some embodiments, the two tips 160, 260 would rotatein same or opposite direction along independent axes (>1 axis). In someembodiments, the two tips 160, 260 would rotate in same or oppositedirection along independent axes (>1 axis) in addition to rotatingsimultaneously on a common axis. In some embodiments, the two tips 160,260 would rotate along independent axes (>1 axis) in addition torotating in same or opposite direction simultaneously on a common axis.In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes multiple axes forrotation. In some embodiments, the axes for rotation are aligned withcomponents of the hand tool 100, 1000. In other embodiments, the axesfor rotation are separate from the components of the hand tool 100,1000.

In some embodiments, the rotation of the two tips 160, 260 along thesame or independent axes could facilitate change from anexclusively/predominantly electrode surface to anexclusively/predominantly cutting edge. In some embodiments, therotation of the two tips 160, 260 along the same or independent axesallows no contact of the cutting edge to tissue while cauterizing and nocontact of the cauterizing surface while cutting. In some embodiments,the rotation of the two tips 160, 260 along the same or independent axesprevents or limits contact of the cutting edge to tissue whilecauterizing. In some embodiments, the rotation of the two tips 160, 260along the same or independent axes prevents or limits contact of thecauterizing surface while cutting.

FIGS. 11A-11E shows one illustration of the movement of the tips. FIG.11A shows the tips 160, 260 in a forceps configuration. Axis 276corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the tip 260, Axis 176corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the tip 160, and Axis 106corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the hand tool 100, 1000. FIG.11B shows the tips 160, 260 brought together. FIGS. 11C and 11D showcounter-clockwise rotation about Axis 106 and clockwise rotation aboutAxis 276 and 176. FIG. 11E shows the tips 160, 260 in the scissorconfiguration.

Other blade configurations are shown in FIGS. 12A-15. The distal portion170 of the left tip 160 can include a blade 820. The blade 820 canextend from a surface of the left tip 160. The blade 820 can extend tothe distal tip 188. The blade 820 can be retracted when the hand tool100, 1000 functions as forceps. The blade 820 can include the cuttingedge 190. The cutting edge 190 can interact with the right section 202or a corresponding blade 822 to function as scissors. The blade 820 canbe the same material as the distal portion 170 of the left tip 160. Theblade 820 can be the same material as the left tip 160. The blade 820can be a different material than the distal portion 170 of the left tip160. The blade 820 can be a different material than the left tip 160.The blade 820 can be integrally or monolithically formed with the lefttip 160. The blade 820 can be a separate component and coupled to theleft tip 160.

The distal portion 270 of the right tip 260 can include a blade 822. Theblade 822 can extend from a surface of the right tip 260. The blade 822can extend to the distal tip 288. The blade 822 can be retracted whenthe hand tool 100, 1000 functions as forceps. The blade 822 can includethe cutting edge 290. The cutting edge 290 can interact with the leftsection 102 or the corresponding blade 820 of the left tip 160 tofunction as scissors. The blade 822 can be the same material as thedistal portion 270 of the right tip 260. The blade 822 can be the samematerial as the right tip 260. The blade 822 can be a different materialthan the distal portion 270 of the right tip 260. The blade 822 can be adifferent material than the left tip 160. The blade 822 can beintegrally or monolithically formed with the right tip 260. The blade822 can be a separate component and coupled to the right tip 260.

In some embodiments, the blade 820 can be retractable within the lefttip 160. In some embodiments, the blade 822 can be retractable withinthe right tip 260. In some embodiments, the blades 820, 822 can beretractable from in a direction from the outside surface to an insidesurface. In some embodiments, the blade 820 can be retractable towardthe center of the left tip 160. In some embodiments, the blade 822 canbe retractable toward the center of the right tip 260. In someembodiments, the blade 820 can pivot relative to left tip 160. In someembodiments, the blade 820 can pivot within the left tip 160 and awayfrom the right tip 260. In some embodiments, the blade 822 can pivotrelative to right tip 260. In some embodiments, the blade 822 can pivotwithin the right tip 260 and away from the left tip 160.

In some embodiments, the blades 820, 822 can be foldable as shown inFIGS. 12A-13B. In some embodiments, the blade 820 can be folded toward asurface of the left tip 160. In some embodiments, the blade 822 can befolded toward a surface of the right tip 260. In some embodiments, theblades 820, 822 are simultaneously retracted. In some embodiments, theblades 820, 822 are independently retracted. In some embodiments, theblades 820, 822 can be retracted in the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the blades 820, 822 can be retracted in the forcepsconfiguration.

In some embodiments, the blades 820, 822 are simultaneously advanced. Insome embodiments, the blades 820, 822 are independently advanced. Insome embodiments, the blades 820, 822 can be advanced in the scissorsconfiguration.

The two tips 160, 260 of the hand tool 100, 1000 have been describedherein. The distal portion 170 of the left tip 160 can include alongitudinally extending portion 182. The longitudinally extendingportion 182 can be a portion of a cylinder. The longitudinally extendingportion 182 can be semi-circular as shown. The distal portion 270 of theright tip 260 can include a longitudinally extending portion 282. Thelongitudinally extending portion 282 can be a portion of a cylinder. Thelongitudinally extending portion 282 can be semi-circular as shown.

The cross-sectional shape can take any form. In some embodiments, thecross-section of the tip is semi-circular. FIGS. 12A-15 and 23A-23B showembodiments of various cross-sectional shapes. In some embodiments, thecross-section of the left tip 160 can be a mirror image of thecross-section of the right tip 260. In some embodiments, thecross-section of the left tip 160 can be the same or substantially thesame as the cross-section of the right tip 260.

The cross-section of the tips 160, 260 can be cylindrical orsubstantially circular. The cross-section of the tips 160, 260 can formany closed shaped (e.g., polygon, triangle, square, rectangle, ellipse,circle, etc.). The cross-section of the tips 160, 260 can include acutting edge 190, 290. The cutting edge 190, 290 can be a raised edge.The cutting edge 190, 290 can form a discontinuity in the cross-sectionof the tips 160, 260. The cutting edge 190, 290 can be a ridge. Thecutting edge 190, 290 can extend along a portion of the tip 160, 260.

The cross-sectional shape can vary along the length of the tip. In someembodiments, the longitudinally extending portions 182, 282 have thesame shape along the length of the longitudinally extending portions182, 282. In some embodiments, the same shape increases incross-sectional area along the length of the longitudinally extendingportions 182, 282. In some embodiments, the longitudinally extendingportions 182, 282 have two or more cross-sectional shapes along thelength of the longitudinally extending portions 182, 282. In someembodiments, the cross-section can be a combination of shapes. In someembodiments, the cross-section can be a combination of a circle with oneor more additional shapes. In some embodiments, the cross-section ofeach tip 160, 260 is in the form of a droplet, see also FIGS. 23A-23B.In some embodiments, the cross-section of each tip 160, 260 is in theform of an airfoil. In some embodiments, the cross-section of each tip160, 260 has rotational symmetry about an axis through the cutting edge190, 290. In some embodiments, the cross-section of each tip 160, 260has a rounded or curved section. In some embodiments, the cross-sectionof each tip 160, 260 has a pointed section. Two such embodiments aredisclosed in FIGS. 23A-23B.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 can include one or moresprings. In the embodiment described herein, the hand tool 100, 1000 caninclude the left spring 124 and the right spring 224. In someembodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes one or more springs. Otherembodiments are contemplated (one spring, two springs, three springs,four springs, five springs, etc.). One or more springs can be coupled tothe left handle 132. One or more springs can be coupled to the righthandle 232. One or more springs can bias the handles 132, 232 towardeach other. One or more springs can bias the left handle 132 toward theright handle 232. One or more springs can bias the right handle 232toward the left handle 132.

One or more springs can bias the left handle 132 toward a neutralposition. One or more springs can bias the right handle 232 toward aneutral position In some embodiments, the neutral position can beassociated with the forceps configuration, the scissor configuration,the probe configuration or another or intermediate position. In someembodiments, the neutral position can be unassociated with theconfigurations described herein.

In some embodiments, the springs bias the hand tool toward the forcepsconfiguration. In some embodiments, the springs bias the hand tooltoward the scissor configuration. In some embodiments, the springs biasthe hand tool toward the probe configuration.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 has a spring lockout. Thespring lockout can stiffen the spring in one or more configurations. Insome embodiments, the spring lockout can lock out part of the springsystem to stiffen the hand tool 100, 1000. In some embodiments, the handtool 100, 1000 can lockout part of one or more springs to stiffen inforceps.

Referring back to FIGS. 2A-4, the hand tool 100, 1000 can transitionbetween the forceps configuration and the scissors configuration. Theforceps configuration is shown in FIG. 2A and the scissors configurationis shown in FIG. 4. The intermediate configuration is shown in FIG. 3.The hand tool 100, 1000 permits the switching between the forcepsconfiguration and the scissors configuration. The hand tool 100, 1000can transition between these configurations by rotation of the tips 160,260 of the hand tool 100, 1000, as described herein. The tips 160, 260are rotated between the forceps configuration shown in FIG. 2A and thescissors configuration shown in FIG. 4. The tips can be brought togetherin the intermediate configuration as shown in FIG. 3 during thetransition between the forceps configuration and the scissorsconfiguration.

The hand tool 100, 1000 can include a probe configuration as shown ingreater detail in FIGS. 16-19. In some embodiments, the hand tool 100,1000 functions as a unipolar probe in the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 functions as a bipolar probe in theprobe configuration. In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000functions as a multipolar probe in the probe configuration. The handtool 100, 1000 can include the left handle 132 and the right handle 232.The hand tool 100, 1000 can include the left tip 160 and the right tip206. The left handle 132 and the right handle 232 can retain the lefttip 160 and the right tip 260 as described herein. The left handle 132and the right handle 232 can be brought together in order to transitionthe hand tool 100, 1000 between the forceps configuration and thescissors configuration as described herein.

In some embodiments, the probe configuration is the intermediateconfiguration between the scissors configuration and the forcepsconfiguration. FIG. 3 shows as example of the hand tool 100, 1000 in theintermediate position, according to some embodiments. FIG. 3 shows asexample of the hand tool 100 in the a probe configuration. In someembodiments, in the probe configuration, the handles 132, 232 are movedtoward each other. In some embodiments, the left handle 132 is movedtoward the right handle 232. In some embodiments, the right handle 232is moved toward the left handle 132. In some embodiments, the userapplies a force to overcome the biasing force of the springs 124, 224.In some embodiments, the internal surface of the handles 132, 232 canabut. In other embodiments, the internal surface of the handles 132, 232are near each other but do not abut in the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the left tip 160 and the right tip 260 can be broughttogether. In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 can abut. In otherembodiments, the left tip 160 and the right tip 260 are near each otherbut do not abut in the probe configuration. The internal flat surfaces184, 284 can abut. In some embodiments, the left tip axis 158 and theright tip axis 258 can align in the probe configuration. In otherembodiments, the left tip axis 158 and the right tip axis 258 do notalign in the probe configuration. In some embodiments, the protrusion294 can engage the recess 194 in the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the probe configuration is a low-profile configuration. Insome embodiments, one or more components of the left section 102 arebrought together or abuts one more components of the right section 202.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes a mechanism 600.The mechanism 600 is shown in FIGS. 17-19. The mechanism 600 can be aslide 602 or other component capable of performing the functiondescribed herein. The hand tool 100, 1000 can include a mechanism 600that enables the user to transition between the forceps configurationand the scissors configuration. The handles 132, 232 can be broughttogether to allow translation of the slide 602. Translation of the slide602 transitions the tool between the various configurations. In someembodiments, translation of the slide 602 can provide a lockout,preventing the two sections 102, 202 from separating. In someembodiments, the lockout limits the tips 160, 260 from separating in theprobe configuration. In some embodiments, the lockout limits the handles132, 232 from separating in the probe configuration. In someembodiments, the lockout can prevent the two sections 102, 202 fromseparating over a portion of the translational motion of the slide.

The mechanism 600 can have any of the features described herein withrespect to mechanism 300. The slide 602 can be made to have a portionwhich extends to the medial side of the handle 132, 232 to which it iscoupled. In the illustrated embodiment, the slide 602 is coupled to theright handle 232. The medial portion of the slide 602 can have a slidelatch 604. The slide latch 604 can be a ridge that acts as a latch. Thehandle opposing the slide 602 can be fitted with a peg 606. In theillustrated embodiment, the handle opposing the slide 602 is the lefthandle 132. The peg 606 can be coupled to the left handle 132 toprotrude medially. The peg 606 can have a portion 608 that protrudes.The protruding portion 608 of the peg 606 can be made to interact withthe slide latch 604 of the slide 602. The slide 602 and the peg 606 canbe coupled to the hand tool so that the peg 606 is free from the slidelatch 604 at the extremes of translation of the slide 602. The extremesof translations of the slide 602 can be 100% or less of the total motionof the slide 602 from either direction. In some embodiments, one extremeof translations correspond to the scissor configuration. In someembodiments, one extreme of translations corresponds to the forcepsconfiguration. In some embodiments, the opposite extremes oftranslations correspond to the scissor configuration and the forcepsconfiguration. In some embodiments, the translation of the slide betweenthe extremes of translations corresponds to the intermediateconfiguration and/or the probe configuration.

The slide latch 604 can be made to interact with the protruding portion608 of the peg 606 when the slide 602 is not in a translational extreme.The interaction of the slide latch 604 on one handle with the protrudingportion 608 of the peg 606 of the opposing handle can have the effect ofretaining the sections 102, 202 together in probe configuration. Theinteraction of the slide latch 604 with the protruding portion 608 ofthe peg 606 can limit the handles 132, 232 from separating in the probeconfiguration. The interaction of the slide latch 604 with theprotruding portion 608 of the peg 606 can limit the tips 160, 260 fromseparating in the probe configuration. In other embodiments, the slidelatch 604 can be made to latch in either of a translational extreme. Inother embodiments, secondary mechanism (not shown) can be made to latchin either of a translational extreme, for instance the translationextreme corresponding to the scissor configuration. The secondarymechanism can limit the handles 132, 232 from separating in the scissorconfiguration. The secondary mechanism can limit the tips 160, 260 fromseparating in the scissor configuration.

The interaction of the slide latch 604 and the protruding portion 608 ofthe peg 606 can prevent the handles 132, 232 from being allowed toseparate unless the slide 602 is in an extreme of translation. Theinteraction of the slide latch 604 and the protruding portion 608 of thepeg 606 can prevent the handles 132, 232 from being allowed to separateunless the hand tool 100, 1000 is in the scissor configuration. Theinteraction of the slide latch 604 and protruding portion 608 of the peg606 can prevent the handles 132, 232 from being allowed to separateunless the hand tool 100, 1000 is in the forceps configuration. Placingthe slide 602 in either extreme of translation can disengage the slidelatch 604 from the protruding portion 608 of the peg 606. Placing theslide 602 in either translational extreme can allow the halves of thehand tool 100, 1000 to separate allowing use of either the scissors orforceps.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 has an intermediateposition lockout. The intermediate position lockout can include themechanism 600 or another mechanism configured to maintain theintermediate position or probe position. The mechanism 600 of the handtool 100, 1000 can operate to lockout handles 132, 232 from separatingunless completely in either the scissors configuration or the forcepsconfiguration. The hand tool 100, 1000 operates to lockout handles 132,232 in the intermediate configuration or probe configuration. In someembodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 in the intermediate configurationacts as a probe. The hand tool 100, 1000 in the probe configuration canconduct an electrical signal or current. The hand tool 100, 1000 in theprobe configuration can allow monopolar cutting, cauterization, andfulguration. The hand tool 100, 1000 in the probe configuration canallow hardware detection. The hand tool 100, 1000 in the probeconfiguration can allow nerve, muscle, and tissue stimulation. The handtool 100, 1000 in the probe configuration can allow nerve, muscle,tissue, and implant detection. The hand tool 100, 1000 in the scissorsconfiguration can allow nerve, muscle, and tissue stimulation. The handtool 100, 1000 in the scissors configuration can allow nerve, muscle,and tissue detection. The hand tool 100, 1000 in the forcepsconfiguration can allow nerve, muscle, and tissue stimulation. The handtool 100, 1000 in the forceps configuration can allow nerve, muscle, andtissue detection. The surgical hand tool can include electrodes asdescribed herein. The left tip 160 can include an electrode 192. Theright tip 260 can include an electrode 292. In the probe configuration,one of the electrodes 192, 292 or another electrode of the hand tool100, 1000 can be supplied with electrical current. One of the tips 160,260 can include electrode for monopolar electrosurgery. The electrodecan be located on the longitudinally extending portion 182, 282. Theelectrode can be located on an external surface of the tips 160, 260.The electrode can be located on an internal surface of the tips 160,260, for instance the flat surfaces 184, 284. The electrode can beconfigured for cauterization, hemostasis, and tissue dissection.

The method can include one or more of the following steps. The methodcan include placing the slide 602 in an intermediate position. In someembodiments, the intermediate position of the slide can allow the twohandles 132, 232 of the hand tool 100, 1000 to remain in proximity. Insome embodiments, the intermediate position of the slide can allow thetwo tips 160, 260 of the hand tool 100, 1000 to remain in proximity. Insome embodiments, the intermediate position of the slide corresponds tothe intermediate position of the hand tool 100, 1000 or the probeconfiguration.

The method can include placing the slide 602 in a first extremetranslation position. In some embodiments, the first extreme translationposition of the slide can allow the two handles 132, 232 of the handtool 100, 1000 to remain in proximity. In some embodiments, the firstextreme translation position of the slide can allow the two tips 160,260 of the hand tool 100, 1000 to remain in proximity. In someembodiments, the first extreme translation position corresponds to thescissor configuration.

The method can include placing the slide 602 in a second extremetranslation position. In some embodiments, the second extremetranslation position of the slide can allow the two handles 132, 232 ofthe hand tool 100, 1000 to separate. In some embodiments, the secondextreme translation position of the slide can allow the two tips 160,260 of the hand tool 100, 1000 to separate. In some embodiments, thefirst extreme translation position corresponds to the forcepsconfiguration. The first extreme translation position can be opposite tothe second extreme translation position along the translational lengthof the slide 602. The intermediate position can be between the first andthe second extreme translation positions.

In some embodiments, while in the unipolar probe configuration, the handtool 100, 1000 can be used as a probe. In some embodiments, the devicecan be used for probe dissection. In some embodiments, the device can beused for blunt dissection. In some embodiments, while in the unipolarprobe configuration, electrical energy can be applied to the hand tool100, 1000 to facilitate unipolar cauterization, ablation, hardwaredetection, tissue stimulation (nerve, muscle, etc.) or other functions.In some embodiments, the while in any configuration, the device maytransmit energy intended for tissue manipulation.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes a scissor axislock by tip translation shown in FIGS. 20-22. Referring back to FIGS.9A-9D, the sleeve 400 can function to hold the tips 160, 260 together inthe scissors configuration. Other mechanisms are contemplated whichallow for positive locking of the tips 160,260 in the scissorsconfiguration.

Referring now to FIGS. 20-22, in some embodiments, either or both of thetips can contain a pin 412 on the proximal portion protruding from theexternal surface. In some embodiments, at least one handle 132, 232 cancontain a slot/recess 414 to receive the pin 412. The slot 414 can beconfigured to guide the pin 412. As one example, one of the tips 160,260 can have a protrusion 294 and the other tip can have a recess 194.In the illustrated embodiments, the left tip 160 can have the recess 194and the right tip 260 can have the protrusion 294. The guiding slot 414defines translation of the tip 160 along the longitudinal axis relativeto the other tip 260 and to the handles 132, 232. The tip 160 cantranslate distally or proximally while it rotates. This translationlocks or releases the pin 294 and recess 194 in FIG. 22. Either of thetips and/or the handles can be configured with the guiding slot or pinsuch that one is received within the other. Other such embodiments caninclude translation of a portion of the tip 160, 260.

The slot 414 can be configured so that rotation of the tip about thelongitudinal axis produces translation of one tip relative to thehandle. The slot 414 can be configured to direct translation of one tiprelative to the handle. The recess 194 can be configured such thattranslation of the pin 412 within the guiding slot 414 directstranslation of the tip(s) 160, 260 along and/or perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis 106 with respect to each other and/or the handles 132,232. The slot can be configured so that when the handles are broughttogether, at least one tip shears past another tip. As one example, theprotrusion 294 and the recess 194 can provide an axis 198 upon which thetips 160, 260 can pivot relative to each other. The protrusion 294 canengage the recess 194 when the hand tool 100, 1000 is in the scissorconfiguration. The protrusion 294 can engage the recess 194 when thehand tool 100, 1000 is in the intermediate configuration or probe.

Other means of causing translation of one tip relative to the handle orother tip are contemplated. Other means can include a screw, spiral,gear, cable, motor, etc. In some embodiments, all, any or multiplecomponents are made to translate. The slot 414 can be configured toallow all or any portion of the tips 160, 260 to translate relative tothe handles 132, 232.

In some embodiments, the scissor axis pin can contain a matingconfiguration. The tip which receives the scissor axis pin can contain acomplimentary recess. For instance, the protrusion 294 can include arecess 418, protrusion or other mating configuration (FIG. 22). The tip160 that does not include the pin 294 can include a recess 194 (FIG.22). Translation of one tip relative to the other can engage therespective mating configurations of the protrusion 294 and the opposingtip 160 to facilitate positive retention of the two tips 160, 260 inproximity. The mating configuration can take any form.

FIGS. 24-25 shows an ambidextrous mechanism or actuating mechanism. Insome embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 can be made for either rightor left handed use. In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 can bemade for ambidextrous use. In some embodiments, the left handle 132 canbe moved toward the right handle 232 to transition the hand tool 100,1000. In some embodiments, the right handle 232 can be moved toward theleft handle 132 to transition the hand tool 100, 1000. In someembodiments, the user can determine whether the left handle 132 isconfigured to move relative to the right handle 232 or whether the righthandle 232 is configured to move relative to the left handle. In someembodiments, the handles 132, 232 are brought toward, for instance, bymoving each handle 132, 232 substantially equally. In some embodiments,the hand tool 100, 1000 can include features to make the hand toolambidextrous.

In some embodiments, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes one or moreactuating mechanism 700 to replicate the user's movement. In someembodiments, the actuating mechanism 700 replicates movements performedon left section 102 with corresponding movements of the right section202. In some embodiments, the actuating mechanism 700 replicatesmovements performed on right section 202 with corresponding movements ofthe left section 102. The actuating mechanism 700 can include gears,pins, springs, slides etc. which facilitate the replication of movement.The actuating mechanism 700 can include gears, cables, motors, magnetsor any other means of transmitting force. The actuating mechanism 700can cause corresponding movement of both handles 132, 232 if only handle132, 232 is moved. The actuating mechanism 700 can cause correspondingmovement of slides 300, 600 of both handles 132, 232 if only one slide300, 600 is moved. The actuating mechanism 700 can cause correspondingmovement of both tips 160, 260 if only tip 160, 260 is moved. Theactuating mechanism 700 can duplicate the movement of components of oneside of the hand tool 100, 1000 with movements of components of theopposing side of the hand tool.

The hand tool 100, 1000 can be fit with an actuating mechanism 700 onboth sides. In some embodiments, the handle tool includes one or moreslides 300, 600 on each handle 132, 232. The actuating mechanisms 700can interact with two slides, for instance two slides 300 or two slides600. The two slides can be positioned on the handles 132, 232. Theactuating mechanisms 700 can be made such that they interact upontransitioning the hand tool 100, 1000 between functional configurations.The actuating mechanisms 700 can be made to allow separation of thehandles and mechanisms. The actuating mechanisms 700 can be made to workin similar or opposing directions. The actuating mechanisms 700 caninteract by any means to accomplish transitioning of the device betweenfunctional configurations.

In some embodiments, the pair of slides coupled to the handles 132, 232can have additional features. The pair of slides 300 or the pair ofslides 600 can include a cog surface 702 on their respective medialsides. Each of the superior portions of the handles 132, 232 can includea semicircular gear 704. The gears 704 can be any shape including anyportion of a circle, square, triangle or any combination. The gears 704can be fit to the respective handle 132, 232 such that the gears 704interact with the cog surface 702 of the slides 300, 600. The gears 704can be coupled to their respective handles 132, 232 such that the twosemi-circular gears 704 interact with each other when the handles 132,232 are brought together. Other configurations of the actuatingmechanisms 700 are contemplated.

In some embodiments, translation of either slide 300, 600 can transitionthe hand tool 100, 1000 between functional configurations. Translationof either slide 300, 600 can effect translation of the opposing slide300, 600. Other embodiments are considered to transfer force andmovement from the actuating mechanism of one side to the other. Otherembodiments can include one or any number or combination of gears,cables, motors, etc. In some embodiments, the actuating mechanisms caninteract directly with each other.

The two tips 160, 260 of the hand tool 100, 1000 are described herein.In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 can protrude from the handles132, 232. In some embodiments, the tips 160, 260 can be made as a singlepart. The single part can extend from the handle 132, 232 to the cuttingedge. The single part can extend from the handle 132, 232 to theelectrode surface 192, 292.

In some embodiments, each of the tips 160, 260 can be formed of multipleparts (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, etc.). FIG. 26 shows anembodiment of the left tip 160. The right tip 260 can have similarfeatures as shown in FIG. 26. The left tip 160 can include a proximalportion 800 and a distal portion 802. In some embodiments, the proximalportion 800 of the tip 160 can interact with the handle 132 (not shown).The proximal portion 800 of the tip 160 can include a mating feature804. In the illustrated embodiment, the mating feature 804 is areceiving portion including a recess. The distal portion 802 of the tip160 can include a mating feature 806. In the illustrated embodiment, themating feature 806 is a projection. Other mating features 804, 806 arecontemplated including recess, protrusion, ridge, latch, peg, slot, etc.The proximal end of the distal portion 802 of the tip can be made tointeract with the distal end of the proximal portion 800. In theillustrated embodiment, the projection of the distal portion 802 of thetip 160 can be made to fit within the recess of the proximal portion800. The proximal portion 800 can be made to interact in any way toretain the distal portion 802.

In some embodiments, the distal portion 802 of the tip 160 can be aseparate replaceable component. The replaceable component can have acutting edge 190 on the distal portion. The replaceable component canhave an electrode 192 surface on the distal portion. The proximalportion 800 can be made to interact in any way to retain the replaceablecomponent. This can include a recess, protrusion, ridge, latch, or anyother mechanism for retaining the replaceable component to the proximalportion 800 of the tip 160. The replaceable component of the tip 160 canbe made for one-time use. The replaceable component of the tip 160 canbe made for multiple uses. The replaceable component of the tip 160 canbe made to any length. The replaceable component can be made to anyshape including straight, curved, round, flat, upward projecting,downward projecting, etc.

In some embodiments, a hand tool is disclosed. The hand tool can be inthe general form of forceps or microscissors. In some embodiments, twoportions being brought towards each other effectuates two or more otherportions to come together. In some embodiments, two portions beingbrought towards each other effectuates two or more other portions tocome together by translation. In some embodiments, two portions beingbrought towards each other effectuates two or more other portions tocome together by rotation. In some embodiments, two portions beingbrought towards each other effectuates two or more other portions tocome together by any other movement. In some embodiments, two portionsbeing brought towards each other effectuates two or more other portionsto come together that can be used in two or more mechanical functions.In some embodiments, the mechanical function includes grasping. In someembodiments, the mechanical function includes compression forceps. Insome embodiments, the mechanical function includes cutting shears. Insome embodiments, the two portions being brought together areperpendicular or generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Insome embodiments, the two portions being brought together aresubstantially not aligned to the longitudinal axis. In some embodiments,the two portions being brought together are skewed relative to thelongitudinal axis. In some embodiments, the motion of bringing togetheris generally not aligned with the axis of the working portion. In someembodiments, the motion of bringing together is generally not alignedwith one or more of the tips.

In some embodiments, two portions being brought towards each othereffectuates two or more other portions to be brought apart. In someembodiments, two portions being brought towards each other effectuatestwo or more other portions to be brought apart by translation. In someembodiments, two portions being brought towards each other effectuatestwo or more other portions to be brought apart by rotation. In someembodiments, two portions being brought towards each other effectuatestwo or more other portions to be brought apart by any other movement. Insome embodiments, two portions being brought towards each othereffectuates two or more other portions to be brought apart that can beused in two or more mechanical functions.

One advantage is that the hand tool can perform at least two distinctmechanical functions. One advantage is that the hand tool can performthree distinct mechanical functions. The hand tool can operate asscissors. The hand tool can operate as forceps. The hand tool canoperate as a probe. The hand tool can be used for cutting. The hand toolcan be used for distraction. The hand tool can be used for probing. Oneadvantage is that the hand tool can be in the form of forceps ormicroscissors and perform two distinct mechanical functions. Oneadvantage is that the hand tool can perform the distinct mechanicalfunctions of grasping or compression. One advantage is that the handtool can perform the distinct mechanical functions of distraction. Oneadvantage is that the hand tool can perform the distinct mechanicalfunctions of shearing or cutting. One advantage is that the hand toolcan perform the distinct mechanical functions of probing, sensing,applying energy, or cauterization. One advantage is that the hand toolcan perform the distinct mechanical functions regardless of how thataction is achieved (by rotating, switching, elevating, etc.).

FIGS. 27 and 28 show embodiments of an electrode 192, 292. In someembodiments, one or more electrodes 192, 292 can have interruptedsurface areas. In some embodiments, one or more electrodes 192, 292 canhave multiple surface areas. In some embodiments, one or more electrodes192, 292 can have multiple surface areas as the anode. In someembodiments, one or more electrodes 192, 292 can have multiple surfaceareas as the cathode. In some embodiments, an electrode 192, 292 canhave a combined or individual conductive surface area less than 0.005square inches, less than 0.004 square inches, less than 0.003 squareinches, less than 0.002 square inches, less than 0.001 square inches,less than 0.0005 square inches, less than 0.0002 square inches, lessthan 0.0001 square inches, less than 0.00005 square inches, less than0.00001 square inches, between 0.00001 and 0.01 square inches, between0.0001 and 0.01 square inches, etc.

Referring back to FIGS. 20-22, the hand tool 100, 1000 includes ascissor axis lock by tip translation. FIGS. 29-33 show an embodiment ofa mechanism to allow for positive locking of the tips 160, 260 in thescissors configuration. One or more recesses about the scissor axispivot can guide tip separation. One or more recesses about the scissoraxis pivot can limit tip separation. One or more protrusions about thescissor axis pivot can guide tip separation. One or more protrusionsabout the scissor axis pivot can limit tip separation. The one or morerecesses and/or protrusions can guide and/or limit tip separation in thedirection of E-F. Translation along the longitudinal axis can engage therespective one or more recesses of the scissor axis pivot and tip.Translation along the longitudinal axis can engage the one or morerespective protrusion of the scissor axis pivot and tip or portion oftip.

Other means of retaining the tips in proximity are contemplated. In onesuch embodiment a magnet 416 can be disposed within the body of eitheror both of the tips 160, 260. FIG. 31 shows one configuration of themagnets 416, but other configurations are contemplated. The one or moremagnets 416 can be positioned such that an attractive or repulsive forcebetween the tips is achieved. The one or more magnets 416 can be placedat any position within the tips 160, 260. The one or more magnets canincrease the force required to separate tips. The one or more magnetscan decrease the force required to separate tips. The one or moremagnets can be placed anywhere including the distal tip, the proximaltip, the handle, etc.

FIGS. 29-33 show an embodiment of a protrusion and a recess. A tip 160can have a recess 194 to engage the protrusion 294. The recess 194 canbe formed to consist of a ramp, taper, or spiral 420 to guide engagementof the protrusion 294. The ramp 420 can be configured such that rotationabout the axis 198 can produce translation of the tips toward or awayfrom each other. The ramp 420 and recess 194 can be configured such thatrotation about the axis 198 can produce translation of one tip relativeto the other. The recess 194 can include a ramp. The recess 194 caninclude a taper. The recess 194 can include a guide. The protrusion 294can include a ramp. The protrusion 294 can include a taper. Theprotrusion 294 can include a guide. The ramp, taper, guide of the recess194 can retain medial surface of tips in proximity. The ramp, taper,guide of the protrusion 294 can retain medial surface of tips inproximity. The ramp, taper, guide of the recess 194 can maintain forceon cutting edge. The ramp, taper, guide of the protrusion 294 canmaintain force on cutting edge. The ramp, taper, guide of the recess 194can produce translation on rotation about scissor axis 198. The ramp,taper, guide of the protrusion 294 can produce translation on rotationabout scissor axis 198. The ramp, taper, guide of the recess 194 canproduce translation along the direction of E-F on rotation about scissoraxis. The ramp, taper, guide of the protrusion 294 can producetranslation along the direction of E-F on rotation about scissor axis.

In some embodiments, the hand tool can enable guiding or limiting oftranslation of one tip relative to the hand tool. In some embodiments,the hand tool can enable guiding or limiting of translation of the othertip along a relative direction. In some embodiments, the hand tool canenable guiding or limiting of translation of the other tip along arelative direction such as along A-B. In some embodiments, the hand toolcan enable guiding or limiting of translation of the other tip along arelative direction such as along the longitudinal axis. In anotherembodiment, the hand tool can enable guiding or limiting of any portionof the device or tip relative to any other portion of the device or tip.

In some embodiments, the hand tool can enable guiding or directing ofmovement or translation of the other tip along a direction perpendicularto the longitudinal or central axis. In some embodiments, the hand toolcan limit movement or translation of the other tip along directionperpendicular to the longitudinal or central axis. In some embodiments,the hand tool can enable guiding or directing of movement or translationof the other tip along direction perpendicular to the longitudinal orcentral axis such as C-D or E-F. In some embodiments, the hand tool canlimit movement or translation of the other tip along directionperpendicular to the longitudinal or central axis such as C-D or E-F. Insome embodiments, the hand tool can enable guiding or directing ofmovement or translation of the other tip along direction substantiallyparallel to the longitudinal or central axis. In some embodiments, thehand tool can limit movement or translation of the other tip alongdirection substantially parallel to the longitudinal or central axis. Insome embodiments, the hand tool can enable guiding or directing ofmovement or translation of the other tip along direction substantiallyoblique to the longitudinal or central axis. In some embodiments, thehand tool can limit movement or translation of the other tip alongdirection substantially oblique to the longitudinal or central axis. Insome embodiments, translation/rotation in at least one direction limitstranslation/rotation in at least one degree of freedom. In someembodiments, translation in at least one direction limits movement in atleast another direction. In some embodiments, rotation in at least onedirection limits movement in at least another direction. In someembodiments, movement in at least one direction limits movement in atleast another direction. In some embodiments, translation in at leastone degree of freedom limits movement in at least another degree offreedom. In some embodiments, rotation in at least one degree of freedomlimits movement in at least another degree of freedom. In someembodiments, movement in at least one degree of freedom limits movementin at least another degree of freedom.

FIG. 33 shows an example of the guiding slot 414. The handle can includea slot, groove, recess or other guiding device. The guiding slot 414 candirect or limit translation along direction of longitudinal or centralaxis. The guiding slot 414 can be on either of the handles. The guidingslot 414 can be on either of the tips. A guiding slot 414 can be on bothhandles. A guiding slot 414 can be on both tips.

FIGS. 34-39 show an embodiment of the hand tool. The hand tool caninclude one or more apertures 900. The hand tool can include multipleapertures 900. The hand tool can include no apertures 900. In someembodiments either handle can include one or more apertures 900. In someembodiments either handle can include no apertures. In some embodimentsboth handles can include one or more apertures 900. In some embodimentsboth handles can include no apertures. In some embodiments, theapertures can be formed of any size, area, volume, weight, perimeter orany other dimension. In some embodiments the wall 902 surrounding anaperture can be 0-0.5″ thick in any dimension. In some embodiments thewall 902 surrounding an aperture can be 0-0.125″ thick in any dimension.In some embodiments, any combination of one or more apertures 900,recesses, or bosses can be incorporated in any size, form or position.In some embodiments, the combination of one or more apertures 900,recesses, or bosses can be for weight reduction. In some embodiments,the combination of one or more apertures 900, recesses, or bosses can befor sectional strength modulation. In some embodiments, the combinationof one or more apertures 900, recesses, or bosses can be for grip or forany other purpose.

In some embodiments, the hand tool can include a flexible region orpivot axis distal to the grip. In some embodiments, the hand tool caninclude a flexible region or pivot axis distal to the proximal end ofthe device. In some embodiments, the hand tool can include multiplepivot axes or flexible regions. In some embodiments, the hand tool caninclude a pivot axis proximal to the proximal end of the device. In someembodiments, any axis can be aligned, perpendicular, parallel or at anyangle to any other axis

Referring now to FIGS. 35-39, an embodiment that allows centralflexibility is contemplated. In some embodiments, the central flexibleportion can comprise a flexible region or axis 910. In some embodiments,the flexible region can include a pivot axis. In some embodiments, thecentral flexible region or axis 910 can comprise any portion of thedevice 100, 1000. In some embodiments, the central flexible region oraxis 910 can be allowed over a length of the device 100, 1000. In someembodiments, the central flexible region or axis 910 can be positionedbetween the proximal 116 and distal 118 ends of the device. In someembodiments, the central flexible region can include all or a portion ofthe handle(s) 132, 232. In some embodiments, the central flexible regioncan include all or a portion of the tip(s) 160, 260. In someembodiments, the central flexible region can include all or a portion ofany or all parts of the device.

In some embodiments, the central flexible region can include a pivot.The pivot can be made to allow flexibility between portions of thehandle(s) 132, 232. In some embodiments, the central flexible region canhave a neutral position. In some embodiments, the central flexibleregion can be made to allow a distal portion of the device to move withrespect to a proximal portion of the device. In some embodiments, thecentral flexible region can allow a proximal portion of the handle tomove with respect a distal portion of the handle.

In some embodiments, a flexible region or axis 910 can be comprised ofaperture(s) 900, recess(es) 920 or any other shape. Any cross sectionalshape can be used to achieve desired flexibility, stiffness, shape,weight, feel, and/or any other property.

In some embodiments, the hand tool can include one more components thatare integrated. In some embodiments, the hand tool can be include onemore components that are monolithically formed. In some embodiments, thehand tool can include one more components that are injection molded. Insome embodiments, the hand tool can include one more components that arestamped. In some embodiments, the hand tool can include the rearassembly of connector, spring, and/or handle as one part or multipleparts.

FIG. 41 shows an embodiment of a tip. In some embodiments, electricaland/or dielectric insulation 810 of tip can be limited to distal portion802. In some embodiments, electrical and/or dielectric insulation 810 oftip can be limited to distal portion 802 excluding surface electrode. Insome embodiments, electrical and/or dielectric insulation 810 of tipdoes not cover the entire device. In some embodiments, electrical and/ordielectric insulation 810 of tip can include the cutting edge. In someembodiments, electrical and/or dielectric insulation 810 of tip canexclude the cutting edge. In some embodiments, two or more of theelectrode surface, distal tip and cutting edge can be monolithicallyformed. In some embodiments, the electrode surface, distal tip andcutting edge can all be monolithically formed. In some embodiments, twoor more of the electrode surface, distal tip and cutting edge can beseparate pieces. In some embodiments, the electrode surface, distal tipand cutting edge can all be separate pieces. The electrode surface canbe coated. The electrode surface can be plated. The electrode surfacecan be uncoated. The scissor edge can be coated. The scissor edge can beplated. The scissor edge can be uncoated. The majority of the hand toolcan be excluded from electrical current. The current can be providedthrough a wire. The current can be provided through an inset. Thecurrent can be provided through multiple layering ofdielectric-conductive-dielectric coatings.

Although this disclosure has been described in the context of certainembodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in theart that the disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosedembodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obviousmodifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while severalvariations of the embodiments of the disclosure have been shown anddescribed in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope ofthis disclosure, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations ofthe specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made andstill fall within the scope of the disclosure. For example, featuresdescribed above in connection with one embodiment can be used with adifferent embodiment described herein and the combination still fallwithin the scope of the disclosure. It should be understood that variousfeatures and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with,or substituted for, one another in order to form varying modes of theembodiments of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the scope ofthe disclosure herein should not be limited by the particularembodiments described above.

1. A surgical tool comprising: a first tip extending distally; and a second tip extending distally; wherein the surgical tool has a first configuration wherein the first and second tips operate as forceps; wherein the surgical tool has a second configuration wherein the first and second tips operate as scissors; wherein the surgical tool has a third configuration wherein the first and second tips operate as a probe.
 2. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein the third configuration is an intermediate configuration between the first configuration and the second configuration.
 3. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein bringing the first tip and the second tip together allows transition of the surgical tool between the first configuration and the third configuration.
 4. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein rotation of the first tip and the second tip transitions the surgical tool between the third configuration and the second configuration.
 5. (canceled)
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 15. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein at least one tip is in the form of a droplet.
 16. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein at least one tip has a retractable blade.
 17. The surgical tool of claim 1, wherein at least one tip has a foldable blade.
 18. The surgical tool of claim 1, further comprising a mechanism configured to limit the separation of the first tip and the second tip.
 19. The surgical tool of claim 18, wherein the mechanism comprises a peg and a latch.
 20. The surgical tool of claim 1, further comprising a mechanism configured to allow the surgical tool to be ambidextrous.
 21. The surgical tool of claim 20, wherein the mechanism comprises a pair of gears and a pair of cogs.
 22. A method of using a surgical tool comprising: providing a tool having a first tip extending distally and a second tip extending distally; moving at least one of the first tip and the second tip toward the other of the first tip and the second tip, wherein the moving allows for reconfiguration of the tool for use as a probe; and rotating the first tip and the second tip, wherein the rotating reconfigures the tool for use as scissors.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the moving step occurs before the rotating step.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein when configured for use as a probe, the tool is configured for monopolar electrocautery, monopolar detection, or monopolar stimulation.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein when configured for use as a probe, the tool is configured for multipolar electrocautery, multipolar detection, or multipolar stimulation.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein moving further comprises bringing inner surfaces of the first and second tips into proximity with each other so that longitudinal axes of the first and second tips are generally aligned.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein after rotating the first tip and the second tip, the inner surfaces of the first and second tips are configured to shear past each other.
 28. The method of claim 22, further comprising applying electrical energy to tissue with the first tip and the second tip.
 29. The method of claim 22, further comprising applying electrical energy to tissue with only one of the first tip and the second tip.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein rotating the first tip and the second tip further comprises rotating the first tip ninety degrees and rotating the second tip ninety degrees. 